Human health & diseases L05
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The document discusses active and passive immunity, vaccination and immunization, allergies, autoimmunity, and the immune system. It defines active immunity as developing due to contact with a pathogen or antigen, while passive immunity involves injecting readymade antibodies. Vaccination introduces a weakened pathogen to provide future protection, while immunization is the body's production of antibodies in response. The immune system includes primary lymphoid organs like bone marrow and thymus where lymphocytes develop and mature, and secondary organs like spleen and lymph nodes where lymphocytes interact with antigens.
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Human immune system
The document summarizes key aspects of the human immune system in 3 sentences or less:
The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that defend the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It contains many specialized immune cells like lymphocytes, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and cytokines that work together to identify foreign antigens and mount targeted responses. The immune system must also maintain tolerance to the body's own cells to avoid autoimmune disease.
White blood cells, muller, brito p. 2013
White blood cells defend the body against disease and are comprised of lymphocytes and phagocytes. Phagocytes engulf and digest waste, bacteria, and foreign bodies to provide innate immunity as the body's first line of defense, while lymphocytes are smaller white blood cells that produce antibodies and aid immune responses to fight infection. The nucleus of lymphocytes is larger than in phagocytes, whose nucleus is lobed.
How our immune system works
The immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that protects the body from foreign invaders. It recognizes and remembers millions of antigens like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The immune system differentiates between the body's own cells and foreign cells to target the latter for destruction. Infections are a major cause of disease, as microbes try to enter through openings in the skin or internal passages, but the immune system provides defenses against such pathogens.
Life sciences lesson2
The document describes the human immune system and how it protects the body from pathogens like viruses and bacteria. It discusses both the innate immune response, which provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytes, and the acquired immune response, which adapts over time to improve recognition and response. The acquired response results in immunological memory that allows faster responses upon reexposure to a pathogen. Key components of the immune system include white blood cells, antibodies, antigens, and the development of active immunity through vaccination or prior exposure.
The immune system
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign.
The immune system
The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate defenses while adaptive immunity has more specific responses after exposure. The innate system uses white blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages to engulf pathogens. The adaptive system relies on lymphocytes and the lymphatic system. T cells and B cells develop antigen receptors to recognize foreign molecules. T cells help activate other immune cells and cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells. B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. Exposure leads to the development of immunological memory through clonal selection. The immune system uses a variety of organs and responses to protect the body.
natural resistance of body against infection
The first line of defense against infection includes physical and chemical barriers. The physical barriers are the skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, and openings of the body like the mouth, nose, eyes, etc. The chemical barriers include lysozyme in tears and saliva, gastric juice in the stomach, acidity on the skin, and substances in places like the vagina, digestive tract, and urinary tract. Together these barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body and provide protection against infection.
The immune system
The immune system has two main types of defenses - innate immunity which is always present and provides immediate response, and acquired immunity which develops after exposure and provides specific long-term responses. The innate system uses white blood cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils to engulf and destroy pathogens. The adaptive system uses lymphocytes and the lymphatic system, including B cells which produce antibodies and T cells which identify infected cells. Together these defenses provide active immunity from infection and immunization, while passive immunity provides short-term protection from antibodies.
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Human immune system
The document summarizes key aspects of the human immune system in 3 sentences or less:
The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that defend the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It contains many specialized immune cells like lymphocytes, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and cytokines that work together to identify foreign antigens and mount targeted responses. The immune system must also maintain tolerance to the body's own cells to avoid autoimmune disease.
White blood cells, muller, brito p. 2013
White blood cells defend the body against disease and are comprised of lymphocytes and phagocytes. Phagocytes engulf and digest waste, bacteria, and foreign bodies to provide innate immunity as the body's first line of defense, while lymphocytes are smaller white blood cells that produce antibodies and aid immune responses to fight infection. The nucleus of lymphocytes is larger than in phagocytes, whose nucleus is lobed.
How our immune system works
The immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that protects the body from foreign invaders. It recognizes and remembers millions of antigens like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The immune system differentiates between the body's own cells and foreign cells to target the latter for destruction. Infections are a major cause of disease, as microbes try to enter through openings in the skin or internal passages, but the immune system provides defenses against such pathogens.
Life sciences lesson2
The document describes the human immune system and how it protects the body from pathogens like viruses and bacteria. It discusses both the innate immune response, which provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytes, and the acquired immune response, which adapts over time to improve recognition and response. The acquired response results in immunological memory that allows faster responses upon reexposure to a pathogen. Key components of the immune system include white blood cells, antibodies, antigens, and the development of active immunity through vaccination or prior exposure.
The immune system
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign.
The immune system
The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate defenses while adaptive immunity has more specific responses after exposure. The innate system uses white blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages to engulf pathogens. The adaptive system relies on lymphocytes and the lymphatic system. T cells and B cells develop antigen receptors to recognize foreign molecules. T cells help activate other immune cells and cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells. B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. Exposure leads to the development of immunological memory through clonal selection. The immune system uses a variety of organs and responses to protect the body.
natural resistance of body against infection
The first line of defense against infection includes physical and chemical barriers. The physical barriers are the skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, and openings of the body like the mouth, nose, eyes, etc. The chemical barriers include lysozyme in tears and saliva, gastric juice in the stomach, acidity on the skin, and substances in places like the vagina, digestive tract, and urinary tract. Together these barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body and provide protection against infection.
The immune system
The immune system has two main types of defenses - innate immunity which is always present and provides immediate response, and acquired immunity which develops after exposure and provides specific long-term responses. The innate system uses white blood cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils to engulf and destroy pathogens. The adaptive system uses lymphocytes and the lymphatic system, including B cells which produce antibodies and T cells which identify infected cells. Together these defenses provide active immunity from infection and immunization, while passive immunity provides short-term protection from antibodies.
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This document summarizes the immune system and its lines of defense against pathogens. It discusses:
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The physical barriers of the general defense system include the skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, and vaginal bacteria. If pathogens breach these barriers, the second line of defense activates components like phagocytes, macrophages, complement proteins, interferons, and inflammation to attack pathogens. The specific defense system produces antibodies targeted to specific pathogens through B cells and T cells provide lifelong immunity through memory cells.
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The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It is made up of white blood cells, organs, and tissues that work together to identify foreign substances in the body. There are two main types of white blood cells - phagocytes that attack pathogens directly, and lymphocytes that recognize specific pathogens and help the body destroy them. The immune system is located throughout the body and involves organs like the thyroid and adrenal glands. When pathogens invade the body, immune cells work together to produce antibodies that lock onto the pathogens and mark them for destruction. This immune response remains in the body in case of future infections. However, cancers can also develop from immune cells themselves, such as lymphomas and leukem
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This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate response through physical barriers like skin and mucus as well as internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response using B and T cells. The document also discusses active and passive immunity, humoral versus cell-mediated immunity, and how vaccines work to stimulate immune response.
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This document summarizes the immune system and its lines of defense against pathogens. It discusses:
- The immune system consists of biological components that defend the body from diseases.
- There are three lines of defense: first line includes skin and mucous membranes, second includes white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins, third includes B and T lymphocytes.
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The immune system protects the body through surface defenses like skin and mucous membranes, as well as inner defenses. The immune system has two types of responses - primary and secondary. The secondary response is faster and more extensive than the primary response because memory cells 'remember' invaders. Both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes play important roles in the immune response through direct killing of pathogens or producing antibodies. Problems can arise if these defenses are improperly regulated, leading to immune deficiency or autoimmunity.
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The document summarizes the body's immune response in three levels of defense:
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2. White blood cells called phagocytes attack and engulf foreign particles, breaking them down in lysosomes.
3. Additional immune responses include interferon that prevents viral spread, T-cells that recognize and kill infected cells, and inflammation that responds to injuries.
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Immunology is the study of the immune system and its functions. The immune system protects the body from infection through innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate defense against pathogens while adaptive immunity involves immune cells that develop memory to mount stronger responses against specific pathogens. When not functioning properly, the immune system can lead to autoimmune diseases, allergies, and cancer.
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Title: Innate and Acquired Immunity: Understanding the Two Branches of Our Immune System
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that protects us from invading pathogens and foreign substances. In this presentation, we will explore the two branches of the immune system: innate and acquired immunity. We will discuss the key features of each branch, their mechanisms of action, and how they work together to keep us healthy.
Section 1: Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and foreign substances.
- We will discuss the key features of innate immunity, including physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, and the cellular and molecular components of innate immunity, such as phagocytes and cytokines.
- We will also explore some of the ways in which innate immunity can be activated and how it responds to different types of pathogens.
Section 2: Acquired Immunity
- Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is a more specialized and targeted response to specific pathogens or foreign substances.
- We will discuss the key features of acquired immunity, including the role of B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory cells.
- We will also explore some of the ways in which acquired immunity can be activated, including through vaccination, and how it responds to specific antigens.
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Conclusion:
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The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful organisms and toxins. The immune system is composed of specialized cells that fight pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The immune system produces antibodies and cells that can deactivate pathogens. Immunity can be active, acquired after infection or vaccination, or passive, acquired from external sources like breast milk or gamma globulin injections. The document also describes innate immunity, the body's first line of defense, and acquired immunity, the second line of defense involving lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues.
Lecture13 Immunity
This document discusses the different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity (naturally acquired active, artificially acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired passive), and provides details on naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity. It also summarizes humoral immunity, noting that it involves B cells producing antibodies against foreign antigens found in extracellular fluids and on cell surfaces to defend against bacteria, toxins and viruses.
Immunesystem
The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system. It describes the immune system as having three lines of defense against pathogens: physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin, nonspecific responses that fight any invader, and specific immune responses that produce antibodies against particular pathogens. It also explains the pathways of cellular and antibody immunity, differences between primary and secondary immune responses, and issues like allergies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
Immunity lecture
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
Immunity & principles of vaccination
This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.
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Classic problems and emerging areas of immune system by Kainat Ramzan
Classic problems and emerging areas of immune system by Kainat Ramzan
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Widal test
The Widal test is a serological method used to diagnose typhoid or enteric fever caused by Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C. It detects antibodies in patient serum that agglutinate specific antigens prepared from Salmonella species. A positive result indicates a recent or past infection. While it has low specificity and can be difficult to interpret, the Widal test remains useful for diagnosing typhoid fever in developing countries due to its low cost. More specific tests such as Typhidot and PCR are also used but are more expensive. The document provides details on how to perform and interpret the Widal test as well as alternative diagnostic methods for typhoid fever.
Human health and diseases L02
Pneumonia is caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae that infect the alveoli of the lungs, filling them with fluid and reducing respiratory efficiency. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and headache. The common cold is caused by rhinoviruses infecting the nasal passages and upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms like nasal congestion and sore throat that typically last 3-7 days. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, whose sporozoites enter the liver and infect red blood cells, rupturing them and releasing toxins that cause high fevers and chills in a recurring pattern.
Human health and diseases L01
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being maintained through balanced diet, hygiene and exercise. Disease is any condition that interferes with normal body functioning and causes mental distress. Diseases are classified as infectious, which can be transmitted between people, and non-infectious, which cannot. Infectious diseases are further divided into bacterial, viral, protozoan, fungal and helminthic types. Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacterium transmitted through food and water, and symptoms include persistent high fever and abdominal pain.
Human health & diseases L08
This document contains questions about human health and diseases. It asks about abbreviations related to the immune system and diseases like AIDS. It also asks about how HIV is transmitted and the differences between cancerous and normal cells. Other questions cover metastasis, the effects of alcohol and drug abuse, carcinogens, the cell mediated immune system, malaria parasites, the life cycles of HIV and malaria, cancer diagnosis and treatment methods, CT and MRI scans for cancer detection, and why cannabinoids are banned in sports. The document also provides short sections with multiple choice questions about different lessons.
Human health & diseases L07
Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division without differentiation that can form tumors. There are two main types of tumors - benign tumors which are non-cancerous and stop growing, and malignant tumors which are cancerous and show indefinite growth and metastasis. Cancer is caused by factors like chemicals, radiation, viruses, and genes that control cell growth becoming mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes being inactivated. Common cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeting biological factors like interferons.
Human health & diseases L06
AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is transmitted through sexual contact, contaminated blood transfusions, sharing infected needles, or from mother to child. HIV infects helper T-cells and macrophages, replicating within them and destroying helper T-cells. This progressively weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections. AIDS is diagnosed through ELISA testing and prevented through education, safe sex practices, blood screening, and treatment of infected individuals.
Human health & diseases L04
This document discusses innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and cellular barriers that fight pathogens. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and produces pathogen-specific antibodies and immune cells. It has memory that allows faster responses. Acquired immunity includes humoral immunity involving B-cell produced antibodies and cell-mediated immunity involving T-cells. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins called immunoglobulins that recognize pathogens.
Human health & diseases L03
This document discusses several human diseases caused by pathogens. It describes amoebic dysentery caused by the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica transmitted through contaminated food and water. It also discusses ringworm fungi transmitted through contact with infected individuals. Finally, it discusses ascariasis caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides transmitted through contaminated vegetables and fruits, and filariasis caused by filarial worms transmitted by Culex mosquitoes which can cause elephantiasis.
Human reproduction
Reproduction in humans, male reproductive system, the Female reproductive system, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, fertilization, embryonic development, parturition, and lactation, reproductive endocrinology
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Floral anatomy, Stamens, Microsporogenesis, Pistils, Macrosporogenesis, Pollination- types and agencies, Fertilization, Endosperm formation, Embryogeny, Seeds, Fruits, Pathenocarpy, Apomixis, Polyembryony
Biodiversity & conservation
The document discusses biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms found on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity is highest in the tropics and decreases with increasing latitude. Species diversity also increases with area. While over 1.5 million species have been identified, actual species diversity is estimated to be much higher. Habitat loss and overexploitation are major threats and have contributed to past and ongoing mass extinctions. Conserving biodiversity is important for maintaining ecosystem services, as well as ethical reasons.
Ecosystem
The document defines key terms related to ecosystems, including that an ecosystem is a functional unit where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. It discusses different types of ecosystems like terrestrial, aquatic, natural and artificial. It also describes important ecosystem processes like energy flow, nutrient cycling, primary and secondary productivity, decomposition, succession and food chains/webs. Stratification and trophic levels are explained. Ecological pyramids and their limitations are outlined. Major nutrient cycles like carbon and phosphorus are summarized as well.
Strategies for enhancement in food production I
This document discusses strategies for enhancing food production through animal husbandry, farm management, animal breeding, and fisheries. It covers dairy and poultry farm management, objectives of animal breeding such as improved growth and disease resistance, and techniques for breeding including inbreeding, outbreeding, crossbreeding, and artificial insemination. Beekeeping and practices for successful fisheries are also summarized.
Strategies for enhancement in food production ii
The document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including plant breeding techniques, steps in breeding new crop varieties, development of semi-dwarf high-yielding varieties through the Green Revolution, plant breeding for disease and pest resistance, improving food quality through biofortification, production of single cell proteins from microbes, and plant tissue culture techniques like micropropagation and somatic hybridization.
Microbes in human welfare
Microbes play an important role in human welfare through various applications. They are used in the production of household items like curd and bread as well as industrial products such as antibiotics, organic acids, and enzymes. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down sewage in treatment plants. Additionally, certain microbes produce biogas through anaerobic digestion and can be used as biofertilizers or biocontrol agents in agriculture.
Human health & diseases
This document discusses human health and diseases. It covers several topics:
1. It defines health as physical, mental and social wellbeing, while disease is any change from the normal state that causes discomfort, disability or impairs health.
2. Diseases are classified as infectious, non-infectious, or congenital. Common infectious diseases discussed include typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, amoebiasis, ringworm, ascariasis, and filariasis.
3. These diseases are caused by various pathogens like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and helminths. The document provides details on the causative agent, affected organ, symptoms, transmission
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The document discusses several topics related to drug and alcohol abuse including AIDS, cancer, opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine, hallucinogens, LSD, tobacco, and alcohol. It provides details on the causes and transmission of AIDS, the life cycle of HIV, prevention and treatment methods. For cancer, it covers causes, types, characteristics, detection, and treatment. For drugs and alcohol, it describes commonly abused substances like opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine, hallucinogens, LSD, tobacco, and alcohol and provides details on how each is obtained and their effects on the body.
Immunology
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology. The immune system comprises organs and cells that provide innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical and chemical barriers. Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific and can be active from infection/vaccination or passive from antibodies. It includes humoral immunity from B cells producing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity from T cells. Vaccines provide active immunization by introducing weakened pathogens. The immune system can also respond abnormally in autoimmunity and allergies. Primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus develop immune cells while secondary organs like the spleen and lymph nodes activate immune responses.
Organisms and populations complete lecture
The document repeatedly lists "SHUBHADEEP BHATTACHARJEE/ EUREKA CLASSES" over multiple lines without providing any other context or information. It is unclear what the purpose or content of the document is based on this minimal information provided.
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ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
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Human health & diseases L05
- 1. HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASES L05 Active and Passive Immunity Active Immunity Passive Immunity It is developed due to contact with pathogen or its antigen. It is developed when readymade antibodies are injected into the body. It has no side effects or only few. It may cause reaction. It is long lasting. It is short lived only for few days. It takes time to develop active immunity. It is used when the immune response has to be faster. Vaccination & Immunization Vaccination is the process of introduction of vaccine (weakened or inactivated pathogens) into a person to provide protection against a disease. Immunization is the process by which the body produces antibodies against the vaccine. Vaccination provides immunity after a time gap. The principle of vaccination and immunization is based on the property called “memory” of the immune system. The vaccine generates memory B and T-cells, that recognize the pathogen on subsequent exposure and produce antibody. If a quick immune response is needed as in tetanus infection, performed antibodies or antitoxin is injected into the patient. This type of immunization is called passive immunization. Hepatitis-B vaccine has been produced from yeast by recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology and acts against Hepatitis-B virus which causes Jaundice and liver cancer. Allergies The exaggerated or hypersensitive reaction of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called allergy. The substances/agents which produce an immune response in an individual is called allergens. Eg. Pollen grains, animal dander, dust, feathers, drugs such as penicillin etc. IgE antibodies are produced in response to allergens. Symptoms: i. sneezing, ii. Watery eyes, iii. Running nose, iv. Difficulty in breathing. Chemicals such as histamines and serotonin are released from the mast cells to cause allergy. Drugs: antihistamines, adrenaline, steroids.
- 2. Auto Immunity It is an abnormal immune response in which the immune system of the body starts rejecting its own body cells or “self” cells. Eg. Rheumatoid arthritis, Addisson’s disease, Hoshimoto disease. Immune System The immune system includes lymphoid organs which acts as the sites of formation and maturation of lymphocytes. It plays a role in allergic reactions, auto immune disorder, and organ transplantations. There are two types of lymphoid organs: a. primary and b. secondary. Primary lymphoid organs Those organs where origin/ maturation/ proliferation of lymphocytes occur. Eg. Bone marrow and thymus. i. Bone marrow: It is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are formed. Bone marrow provides the micro-environment for the development and maturation of the B-lymphocytes. ii. Thymus: Thymus is a lobed organ located near the heart and beneath the breastbone. It becomes smaller with age. It provides the microenvironment for the development and maturation of the T-lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs Those organs where lymphocytes interact with the antigen and proliferate to become effector cells, eg., spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of small intestine and appendix are called as secondary lymphoid organs. i. Spleen: It’s a large bean shaped organ and contains lymphocytes and phagocytes. It acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood borne microorganisms. It has a large reservoir of erythrocytes. (graveyard of RBCs)
- 3. ii. Lymph nodes: It is small solid structures present at different points along the lymphatic system. It traps the microorganisms or other antigens that have entered the lymph. Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes and produces immune response. iii. Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) It is formed from masses of lymphoid tissues present in the mucosa of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. 50% of the lymphoid tissue in human body is formed of MALT. MCQs 1. Which of the following glands is large sized at birth but reduces in size with ageing? a. Pineal gland b. Pituitary gland c. Thymus gland d. Thyroid gland 2. An animal is said to have acquired active immunity when a. He responds actively to a vaccine b. He acquires immunity upon recovering from a disease. c. It produces its own antibody in its defense d. All the above 3. Lysozyme is an important antimicrobial secretion present in a. Tears b. Saliva c. Nasal mucosa d. All of these 4. White blood cells that do not show phagocytic activity are a. Lymphocytes b. Monocytes c. PMNL d. All of these 5. Antigens may be a. Proteins b. Complex lipids c. Polysaccharides d. All of these