This document discusses the coronavirus and the human immune system. It begins with an introduction to coronaviruses and COVID-19. It then explains how the human immune system responds to viral infections through inflammation and the cytokine storm. The document discusses how the immune system can be strengthened over time through balanced nutrition, exercise, sleep, and stress management rather than any single superfood. It concludes that the most effective strategy is strengthening the immune system through multiple lifestyle factors.

1. Bhawna Srivastava and Reddy P.B2
DAV College, Kanpur, U.P, India
2. Department of Zoology,Government PG College, Ratlam, M.P, India
reddysirr@gmail.com

2.  INTROUDUCTION
 CORONA VIRUS EFFECTS
 HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM
 IMMUNE BOOSTERS AND MODULATORS
 CONCLUSIONS

3. from 24-200 nm in length
Beneficial viral infections
Some viruses we come across protect humans
against infection by other pathogenic viruses.
For example, latent (non-symptomatic) herpes
viruses can help human natural killer cells (a
specific type of white blood cell) identify cancer
cells and cells infected by other pathogenic
viruses

4. Middle East respiratory syndrome- 2012(MERS)
Case fatality rate: 34.3%
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2002 (SARS)
Case fatality rate: 9.6%
Covid 19= Case fatality rate: 1.38% to 3.4%

5. The outbreak of the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is the most significant
public health emergency of the 21st century so far.
As the epidemic spreads, people around the world want to understand the science
behind the most pressing questions: how many people have been infected? How
dangerous is the virus? When will a vaccine be available? How can the epidemic be
contained, and the damages mitigated? What is the economic impact? What is the
role of social media and local communities in the epidemic response?
Researchers from all over the world analyses informing the outbreak response. They
are generating strong experiential evidence that governments and international
agencies are using around the world to plan their responses.

6. EMERGING RESPIRATORYVIRUSES, INCLUDING COVID-19:
In December 2019, there was cluster of pneumonia cases in China. Investigations found that it
was caused by a previously unknown virus – now named the 2019.
Corona viruses are a large group of viruses. They consist of a core of genetic material
surrounded by an envelope with protein spikes. This gives it the appearance of a crown. Crown
in Latin is called Corona, and that is how these viruses get their name.
There are different types of coronaviruses that cause respiratory and sometimes
gastrointestinal symptoms. Respiratory disease can range from the common cold to
pneumonia and in most people, the symptoms tend to be mild. However, there are some types
of coronaviruses that can cause severe disease. These include the Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus, first identified in China in 2003 and the Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus, that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The 2019 novel
Coronavirus was first identified in China.
It initially occurred in a group of people with pneumonia who had been associated with a
seafood and live animal market, in the city of Wuhan. The disease has since spread from those
who were sick to others including family members and health care staff. There are many cases
at present, and the disease has spread within China and also to a number of other countries.
 So, where did the virus come from? It is known that coronaviruses circulate in a range of
animals. Sometimes, these viruses can make the jump from animals to humans. This is called a
“spillover” and could be due to a range of factors such as mutations in the virus or increased
contact between humans and animals. For example, MERS CoV is known to be transmitted
from camels and SARS CoV from civet cats. The animal reservoir of the 2019 novel coronavirus
is not yet known

7. They have a high substitution rate: Coronaviruses have, like many RNA viruses, a high
substitution rate .This higher substitution rate means that coronaviruses can rapidly exploit
situations in which they come into contact with new hosts (i.e., humans).
They mutate rapidly: They possess the longest genomes of all known RNA viruses.With
more sections in their genome, there are more potential errors when the virus copies itself,
which increases the production of new strains (which may explain the recent finding that
there are likely to be multipleCovid-19 strains.
They are highly susceptible to recombination: produce different strains within the
same species.
They replicate in multiple species (reservoir hosts): humans, bats, pigs, cattle, mice,
chickens, civet cats, raccoon dogs, ferret badgers and camels, meaning they have what
epidemiologists call “broad host range.”This increases their spread across environments
and makes them a lot harder to contain.
They love bats: scientists suspect that Covid-19 may have initially jumped from bats to
humans, bats seem to be uniquely able to harbor many viruses that cause serious human
disease .
They’ve been around (and evolving) for a long time.: When an analysis was done on
one of the four known human Coronavirus (HCoV-229E, which causes the common cold),
scientists discovered that it has been present in the human population for centuries.
They’re heavier than other viruses: Coronaviruses are physically larger and heavier than
other known respiratory viruses. So while Covid-19 infects hosts via mucus droplets, its
infectious range is lower relative to other viruses because its mass limits how far it can
travel before succumbing to gravity.

8. How is it transmitted? The exact dynamics of how the virus is
transmitted is yet to be determined. In general, respiratory viruses
are usually transmitted through droplets .
People most at risk of infection from the novel Coronavirus are those
in close contact with animals such as live animal market workers
and those who are caring for people infected with the virus such as
family members or healthcare workers.
SYMTOMS:
There can be fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough and
shortness of breath.
 In more severe cases, there has been pneumonia, kidney failure and
death.
The mortality rate is not known yet.
The infection can be diagnosed by a test called PCR, or Polymerase
Chain Reaction. This test identifies the virus based on its genetic
fingerprint.
There is currently no specific medication for this virus and treatment is
supportive care. There is currently no vaccine to protect against this virus.
Treatment and vaccines are in development

16. When the cells fail to terminate the inflammatory response, production of the cytokines
make macrophages hyperactive.The hyperactivated macrophages destroy the stem cells in
the bone marrow, which leads to anemia. Heightened interleukin 1b results in fever and
organ failure.The excessive tumor necrosis factor causes massive death of the cells lining
the blood vessels, which become clotted. At some point, the storm becomes unstoppable
and irreversible.
An overreaction from the immune system can endanger a person fighting off an
infection. Some of the proteins that trigger inflammation, named chemokines, alert
other immune cells – like neutrophils, which are professional microbe eaters – to
convene at the site of infections where they can arrive first and digest the pathogen.
Others cytokines – such as interleukin 1b, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor – guide
neutrophils from the blood vessels to the infected tissue. These cytokines can increase
heartbeat, elevate body temperature, trigger blood clots that trap the pathogen and
stimulate the neurons in the brain to modulate body temperature, fever, weight loss and
other physiological responses that have evolved to kill the virus.
When the production of these same cytokines is uncontrolled, immunologists describe
the situation as a “cytokine storm.” During a cytokine storm, the blood vessels widen
further – a process known an vasolidation – leading to low blood pressure and
widespread blood vessel injury. The storm triggers a flood of white blood cells to enter
the lungs, which in turn summon more immune cells that target and kill virus-infected
cells. The result of this battle is a stew of fluid and dead cells, and subsequent organ
failure.

19.  Immunology is the study of the immune system in both healthy and diseased states. It
includes the study of how the body fights infections from bacteria and viruses, and the
development of medical interventions to treat and prevent diseases.
 Immunology includes all physical, chemical and biological reactions of the organism against
the foreign substances. Immune system is divided into two types: innate immunity and
adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity further divided into two types that is humoral and cell
mediated immunity.
The main parts of the immune system are: Skin, white blood cells, antibodies, the
complement system, the lymphatic system, the spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow.
Your body shows signs of a strong immune system very often. One example is when you get a
mosquito bite. The red, bumpy itch is a sign of your immune system at work. The flu or a cold
is an example of your body failing to stop the germs/bacteria before they get in.
Your immune system naturally weakens as you age.
Your immune system can be weakened by certain medicines, for example. ...Your immune
system can also be weakened by smoking, alcohol, and poor nutrition. AIDS. HIV, which causes
AIDS, is an acquired viral infection that destroys important white blood cells
and weakens the immune system.

20. A game of chess
I study inflammatory response and cell death, which are two principal components of the
innate response.
White blood cells called macrophages use a set of sensors to recognize the pathogen and
produce proteins called cytokines, which trigger inflammation and recruit other cells of the
innate immune system for help.
In addition, macrophages instruct the adaptive immune system to learn about the pathogen
and ultimately produce antibodies.
To survive within the host, successful pathogens silence the inflammatory response.They do
this by blocking the ability of macrophages to release cytokines and alert the rest of the
immune system.To counteract the virus’s silencing, infected cells commit suicide, or cell
death. Although detrimental at the cellular level, cell death is beneficial at the level of the
organism because it stops proliferation of the pathogen.
Useful drugs
One strategy behind the treatments for Covid-19 is, in part, based on breaking the vicious
cycle of the “cytokine storm.”This can be done by using antibodies to block the primary
mediators of the storm, like IL6, or its receptor, which is present on all cells of the body.
Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor can be achieved with FDA-approved antibody drugs like
Remicade or Humira or with a soluble receptor such as Enbrel – originally developed by Bruce
Beutler – which binds to tumor necrosis factor and prevents it from triggering inflammation.
The global market for tumor necrosis factor inhibitors is $22 billion.

22. The first line of defence (or outside defence system) includes physical and chemical
barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection.These include
your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, 'friendly' bacteria and white blood cells
called neutrophils.

23. The second line of defense is nonspecific resistance that destroys invaders in a generalized
way without targeting specific individuals: Phagocytic cells ingest and destroy all microbes that
pass into body tissues. For example macrophages are cells derived from monocytes (a type of
white blood cell).

26. Since drinking hot water helps improve central nervous
system ... can benefit weight loss, heart health,
digestion, immune function and more

27. The COVID-19 quarantine is the perfect time to build a healthier relationship with
food and discover ways to make easy, affordable, nutritious, and delicious meals
with shelf-stable products at home.
But first, we need to clear up a common misperception about "boosting immunity.
Boosting immunity
There's no way to fast-track a healthier immune system
There's a lot of buzz right now about ways to boost immunity to fight COVID-19.
But there is no one super food, supplement, or “magic bullet” that will render you
impervious to viruses and respiratory infections.
Especially during an outbreak, a short-term healthy eating plan isn't enough to reduce your
risk. A sustained, long-game approach to building immunity makes more sense.
When we get sick, much of the damage that occurs in the body is not due to the virus itself
but to the body's immune response. The body may overreact as it tries to contain the virus,
allowing what might have been just a cough.
Nutrition + intention
Eating a balanced diet is important for bolstering our immune systems over time. "Balanced"
means eating strategically to nourish your body and mind
Coronavirus: Rise in demand for immunity boosters amidst the pandemic virus
The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were givingCovid-19
patients tea three times a day. But no experimental evidence. It's true that
methylxanthines are found in tea, as well as in coffee and chocolate are neuro stimulatory.

28. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is vital to supporting biochemical reactions in the immune system.
Vitamin B6 also helps the body make melatonin, which is important in helping regulate your
internal clock and your sleep.
Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that helps the body fight off infection.

29. Strengthening your immune system through multiple self-care channels – healthy diet,
regular exercise, and mental health care – is the most effective strategy. And building a
healthy diet begins with focusing on what we eat and our relationship with food.
 Get enough sleep. Sleep and immunity are closely tied.
Eat more whole plant foods (Broccoli. (green cabbage family),Sweet potatoes, Spinach. ...
 Eat more fermented foods or take a probiotic supplement.
 Engage in moderate exercise regularly.
 Stay hydrated.
 Manage your stress levels.
Healthy ways to strengthen your immune system
Don't smoke.
Eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables.
Maintain a healthy weight.
If you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation.
Maintain hygiene conditions in home and work place