This presentation deals with immune system. Hope you like it.

1. Human Health & Diseases

2. WHAT IS HEALTH???
O A state of complete physical, mental & social
well being and not merely an absence of
disease or infirmity.
O A triad of health :
Physical Mental Social

3. Know The Facts
O The World Health Organization is a
specialized agency of the United Nations
(UN) that is concerned with
international public health. It was
established on 7Th April 1948,
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
O South- East Asia headquarter  New
Delhi
O In 1989, WHO announced that small pox
was eradicated from the world.
O WORLD HEALTH DAY – 7th April

4. How to maintain good
health?O Balanced diet, personal hygiene, regular exercise , right attitude of
mind & good habits

5. Why You Fall Sick?

6. Disease
O Condition of disrupted or deranged functioning of one or
more organs or systems of the body caused by infection,
defective diet or heredity.

11. OTHER BRANCHES
 CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY –
VACCINATION/IMMUNISATION, ORGAN
TRANSPLANTATION/ORGAN GRAFTING,
BLOOD BANKING, IMMUNOPATHOLOGY.
 LABORATORY PATHOLOGY
 SEROLOGY – STUDY OF INTERACTION OF
ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY IN BLOOD

12. Characteristics of Immune
system:
 Who is the ENEMY
?
Differentiate between
self and non self
 Immunological
memory

13. O Antigen : foreign
substance invading
body & capable of
stimulating immune
response.
O Antibody : Protective
chemicals produced by
immune cells in
response to antigen.

14. Immunity
 L : freedom
 General ability of a
body to recognize,
neutralize/destroy &
eliminate foreign
substances or resist
particular infection or
disease.

15. Types Of Immunity
Immunity
Innate
Anatomical
Physiological
Phagocytic
Inflammatory
Acquired
Active
Natural Artificial
Passive
Natural Artificial

16. 1. Innate Immunity
O Natural immunity
O Inborn
O Present from birth
O No previous exposure is req.
O Non specific immunity
O Non adaptive immunity

17. Types Of Innate Immunity
O 1. ANATOMICAL /
PHYSICAL BARRIER
 First line of defense
 SKIN
o SHEDDING OF
EPIDERMAL CELLS
(Desquamation)

18.  MUCOUS MEMBRANE
 Mucous – Traps microbes
e.g. respiratory tract.

20. KTF : MUCUS
O The viscous, slippery substance that consists
chiefly of mucin, water, cells, and inorganic
salts and is secreted as a protective lubricant
coating by cells and glands of the mucous mem.

21. PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER
O Body temperature – Fever
O pH – Acidity of gastric juice
O Body secretions – Tears (lysozyme)
O Cell - Interferon

22. KTF
Lysozyme is a natural enzyme found in
tears, saliva, nasal discharge and breast
milk.
The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5, saliva
is 6.2 – 7.4.
Interferons are named for their ability to
"interfere" with viral replication by
protecting cells from virus infections.

23. Phagocytic Barrier
O Engulf and destroy
microbes
O Phagocytosis
O Neutrophils and
monocytes
O Macrophages –
Kuffer’s cells of liver

26. KTF
O Kupffer cells, also known as Browicz-Kupffer
cells and stellate macrophages, are
specialized macrophages located in the liver.
Kupffer cells play an important role by
capturing and digesting bacteria, fungi,
parasites, worn-out blood cells, and cellular
debris.
O Other tissue macrophages : alveolar
macrophages (lungs), microglial cells (brain),
histiocyte (connective tissue), Langerhans cell
(skin & mucosa) .
O Neutrophils are recruited to the site of
infection or injury by chemotactic agents.

28. Inflammatory Barrier
O Injury
O 5 signs of inflammation
1. Redness (rubor)
2. Swelling (tumor)
3. Pain (dolor)
4. Heat (calor)
5. Loss of function (functio
laesa)
Mast cells , basophils -
Histamines & prostaglandins

29. Chemicals :
histamines &
prostaglandins
Dilate blood
capillaries
Permeable
Fluid oozes
out
proteinsKills bacteria

31. KTF
The name prostaglandin derived from the
prostate gland.
Other functions of prostaglandin
1) Cause aggregation or disaggregation of
platelets
2) Induce labor
3) Decrease acid secretion

32. 2. Acquired Immunity
O Specific resistance
O Acquires during life
O Vertebrates
O Supplements innate immunity.
O Days to become activated.

33. Characteristics Of Acquired
Immunity
Specificity
Diversity
Discriminate between self and non-self
Memory

34. Types of Acquired Immunity
Active
Passive

35. A) Acquired Active Immunity
Antigenic
stimulus
Antibodies

36. 1)Natural Acquired Active
Immunity
O Infection
O After the entry of pathogens
O E.g. chicken pox , measles

37. MEASLES

38. CHICKEN POX

39. 2)Artificial Acquired Active
Immunity
O Vaccination
O Vaccine - dead or live
O Attenuated Vaccines or
toxoids or toxins.
O Stimulate the
formation of
antibodies
O E.g. polio vaccine, BCG
vaccine

41. KTF
O Edward Jenner, was
the pioneer of
smallpox vaccine, the
world's first vaccine.
He is often called "the
father of
immunology”.
O Immunization was
called vaccination
because it was
derived from a virus
affecting cows (Latin:
vacca—cow)

44. B)Acquired Passive Immunity
O Ready-made antibodies
O 2 types:
O 1. Natural
O 2.Artificial

45. 1)Natural Acquired Passive I.
O Before Birth: mother
to fetus > Placenta
O After Birth: mother to
infant > colostrum
(IgA)
O Short lived

46. 2) Artificial Acquired Passive
I.
O Injecting previously prepared antibodies >
Serum from human or animals
O E.g. antibodies obtained from
hyperimmunised horses are injected to
humans against rabies pathogens.

49. Cells Of Acquired Immune
System
Lymphocytes
Antigen presenting
cells

50. A) Lymphocytes
O Chief cells
O 2 types :
O 1) T – lymphocyte (T – cells  because of their maturation in
the thymus gland )
O 2) B – lymphocyte (B – cells  maturation in the bone marrow )
O Haematopoiesis
Immature
lymphocytes
Thymocytes Blood circulation
Thymus gland Mature T-cells

51. O B-cells Divide & mature Bone
marrow
O Circulate
O Reside : Lymphoid organ e.g. spleen
O T-cells responsible for cell-mediated or
cellular immunity
O B-cells generate antibody-mediated or
humoral immunity

53. Sensitization
T-cells
Produces
clones
B-Cells
Plasma
cells-
antibodies

54. Mechanism of action of T-
lymphocytes
Antigen T-cells
Clones
T-Helper cells
Killer T-cells
Memory T-cells
Suppressor T-cells

55. O When a T-cell finds
its virus match in
your body, it makes
many copies of
itself to attack that
virus.

56. O Helper T-cells (CD 4 CELLS)
:
 Sensitization
 Produce lymphokines
 Proliferation of other T-
cells
 Stimulation of B-cells
 Attraction of
macrophages
CD: CLUSTER OF
DIFFERENTIATION

57. O Killer T-cells/Cytotoxic T-
cells/ CD8 CELLS:
O Directly attack
O Destroy
O Bind to the infected cell
Secrete perforins
Hole in infected cell
O Release Cell killing
substances
O Hence the name cytotoxic
T-cell.

58. O Suppressor T-cells:
 Suppress entire
immune system to
attack on own body
cells
O Memory T-cells:
 Previously sensitized
and retain the
sensitization for future.

63. To Be Continued………… :P :P :P

64. KTF
O Cytotoxins are the chemical weapons that Killer T-cells use to destroy infected
cells. Viruses take over healthy cells and trick them into making many more
viruses. When those viruses get out, they can infect even more healthy cells.
By killing infected cells before these viruses get out, cytotoxins protect your
healthy cells.
O Different kinds of cytotoxins work in different ways. Some cytotoxins make
holes in the cell membrane, so the inside of the cell is not protected from the
outside. Without a full membrane, the cell dies. Cell death because of this
kind of break in the cell membrane is called lysis.
Apoptosis
O Other cytotoxins turn on a program in the cell that causes it to self-destruct.
This is called apoptosis. The dark spots in the picture are cells that have been
destroyed by apoptosis. Macrophages, the first member of the body's clean up
crew, remove these dead cells.

65. Mechanism Of Action Of B-
Lymphocytes To Antigens
 Sensitization by:
 Antigens
 Helper T- cells
 Activation of B-cells:
 C. of Plasma cells
 Memory B-cells

66. O Plasma cells
Antibodies
O Functions of Free
antibodies:
1) Agglutination
2) Opsonisation
3) Neutralization
 Specific for particular
antigen.

69. b) Antigen Presenting Cells
O Macrophages
1. Monocytes
2. Histocytes
O B-lymphocytes
O Dendritic cells
(Langerhans cells)

70. Engulf pathogens
Process
Antigens presented on
surface
Co-stimulatory signal
Activation of helper T-cell

72. Structure Of Antibody

73. Antigen-antibody Complex
O Serology
O Antigenic determinant - Epitope
O Binding site of antibody – Paratope
O Lock & Key manner

74. Antigens On Blood Cells:
O Antigens on the surface of human RBC
O Blood groups
O Blood group systems:
1. ABO
2. Rh
3. Duffy
4. Kidd
5. Lewis
6. P
7. MNS etc.

75. ABO blood groups:
O Karl Landsteiner (1900)
O AB blood group – Decastallo &
Sturli (1902)
O 2 antigens/ agglutinogens :
antigen A & antigen B (On
surface of RBC)
O Antibodies/ agglutinins: ‘a’ &
‘b’ (serum)
O ABO SYSTEM : Blood groups
determined by the presence or
absence of antigen A & antigen
B
O Blood groups classified into 4
groups:
 A, B, AB & O.

78. Rh factor
O Antigen D – On surface of RBC
O Landsteiner & Weiner (1940)
O Rhesus monkey – Rhesus or Rh factor
O Rh positive (Rh+ve) & Rh negative (Rh-ve)
O Immunogenic response
O HDN/ erythroblastosis foetalis.

80. Pathogens & Parasites
O PATHOGEN :
 Living agents capable of causing
disease. E.g. viruses, bacteria,
helminths etc.
O PARASITE:
 Greek: Parasitos – eating at side of
or at the same table
 Parasite is an organism that lives in
or on and takes nourishment from
another organism.
 Dependent
 2 types: Ectoparasite &
Endoparasite

81. 1) Amoebiasis
 Causative organism:
 Entamoeba histolytica
(Cyst form)
 Transmission:
 Faeco-oral route

83. O Symptoms:
1. Mild diarrhea
2. Dysentery
3. Fulminant amoebiasis -
Amoebic dysentery &
amoebic colitis
4. Amoebic liver abscess

85. O Prevention:
1) Washing hands with soap
2) Clean bathrooms & toilet often
3) Attention to toilet seats and taps
4) Avoid raw vegetables
5) Drink boiled water
6) Avoid unhygienic food
7) Good sewage disposal

86. 2) Filariasis
O Causative organism : Filarial
Nematode
O Thread like
O Definitive host : Man
O According to the niche
within the body they are
categorized into 3 groups:
O 1. lymphatic filariasis
O 2. Subcutaneous filariasis
O 3. Serous cavity filariasis

87. Lifecycle
Injects the larvae
Another blood meal
3rd stge larvae
Moult
Blood meal
Insect (intermediate host)
1000 microfilariae
Mating of male and female

88. Mature adult worms
Moult
After 1 yr
Skin

89. O Signs and symptoms
 Lymphatic filariasis
(elephantiasis) 
oedema with
thickening of the skin
& underlying tissue.

91. Hydrocoele

92. O Management:
O Diethylecarbamacine 100 mg twice a day for 3
weeks and for 5 days every 6 months.
O Avoid mosquito bites

93. 3) Malaria
O Causative agents:
Plasmodium (malarial
parasite)
O Areas: Africa, Asia,
America
O 4 species :
1. Plasmodium Falciparum
2. Plasmodium Vivax
3. Plasmodium Ovale
4. Plasmodium malariae

94. O Transmission:
 Bite of an infected
Anopheles mosquito
O Hosts:
 Definitive host :
Mosquito
 Intermediate host:
Man

95. Life Cycle Of Malarial Parasite

96. LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIAL PARASITE IN
ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
Fusion
Mosquito’s gut
Mature into male & female gametes
Gametocytes
Blood meal  infected human
Mosquito

97. Ookinete
Enters gut
lining
Oocyst 
Gut wall
Oocyst
ruptures
Sporozoites
Salivary
glands
Sporozoites
injected into
skin
Blood meal

98. LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIAL PARASITES IN
HUMAN BODY
TWO
PHASES
Pre-
erythrocytic
Infection of
the liver
Erythrocytic
Infection of
RBCs

99. Mosquito
bites
Sporozoites
Blood
stream
Liver
Infect liver
cells
Multiply Merozoites
Rupture of
liver cells
Blood
stream

100. Infect blood cells
Ring form
trophozoites
Schizonts Merozoites
Bursting of RBCs
Cycles of fever &
other symtoms
Sexual stage
develop in RBCs
 Gametocyte

101. O Signs & Symptoms :
O Fever
O Shivering
O Arthralgia
O Vomiting
O Anemia
O Hemoglobinuria
O Renal damage
O Convulsions
O Classical Symptoms: Coldness, rigor, fever & sweating lasting for 4-6 hrs. ,
occurring in every 2 days in P. vivax & P. ovale, while every 3 days for P.
malariae.
O Splenomegaly
O Hepatomegaly
O Severe headache
O Cerebral ischemia
O Hypoglycemia
O Renal failure

102. O Prevention:
1) Mosquito nets
2) Insect repellents
3) Spraying insecticides
4) Draining standing water
5) Gambusia fish

103. 4) Ascariasis
O Causative agent: Ascaris
lumbricoids
O Morphology:
o Long
o Slender
o Tapered at both the ends
o Thick Cuticle
o Complete gut with terminal
anterior mouth & sub.t
post. anus

104. Life Cycle Of Ascaris

105. O Signs & Symptoms:
1. Appearance of eggs in stools after 60-70
days
2. GIT discomfort
3. Vomiting
4. Fever
5. Live worms in stools
6. Pneumonitis
7. Eosinophilia
4-16 AFTER INFECTION

106. Prevention
1. Safe excreta disposal
2. Protection of food from dirt and soil
3. Washing hands
4. Drugs: mebendazole and albendazole

107. Typhoid
O Louis,1829- derived from
typhus.
O Causative agent: Salmonella
typhi (gram –ve bacteria)
O Transmission : Faeco-oral route
O Morphology:
O Lipopolysaccharide membrane
O O-antigen, polysaccharide core
O Lipid A
O H-antigen (flagella)

108. O Other names:
O Gastric fever
O Abdominal typhus
O Infantile
O Intermittent fever
O Slow fever
O Nervous fever
O Pathogenic fever etc.

109. O Progressive fever as high as 40
deg. C
O Profuse sweating
O Gastroenteritis
O Flat rash – rose colored
O 4 stages:
O 1st week: Progressive fever,
bradycardia, malaise,
headache and cough.
O Sometimes bleeding nose and
abdominal is seen
O Leucopenia with eosinopenia
with relative lymphocytosis

110. O Diagnosis:
1. Widal test
2. Blood cultures
3. Diazo reaction
 Vaccines By WHO:
1. Live oral Ty21a
2. Injectable typhoid polysaccharide
vaccine

111. 6) Pneumonia
O Definition:
 It is an inflammatory
condition of lungs esp.
alveoli or when the lungs
are filled with fluid
(consolidation &
exudation).
O Causative agents:
 Bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites
 Chemical burns
 Physical injury

112. O Viruses: influenza virus, respiratory syncytial
virus (RSV), adenovirus & para influenza virus.
O Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae

113. Symptoms

114. O Prevention:
• Vaccination
O Treatment:
• Amantadine
• Rimantadine

115. 7) Common Cold
O Nasopharyngitis,
acute coryza, cold
etc.
O Viral Infection of URT
– Rhinovirus, corona
virus.

116. Symptoms

117. O Prevention:
O Staying away from infected people
O Washing hands
O Alcohol based Hand sanitizers

118. 8)Ringworm
O Fungal Infection:
Human, cats, sheep
O Causative Agent:
Dermatophytes -
Trichophyton and
microsporum

119.  Skin, hair,
nails.(keratin)
 Warm & moist
 SYMPTOMS:
 Enlarged red rings
 Athlete’s foot
 Groin jock itch
 Onychomycosis

121. O Prevention:
O Avoid sharing cloths, sports equipment,
towels.
O Washing clothes in hot water with fungicidal
soap.
O Avoid walking bare foot