Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
It arouses growth furthermore to mobile reproduction as well as in supplement style is popularly utilized as being a therapy for children with an hormone lack. Kiddies getting human development hormone drugs regularly react by raising faster, boosting their potency, and decreasing excess bodyweight, consistently not having negative results.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
It arouses growth furthermore to mobile reproduction as well as in supplement style is popularly utilized as being a therapy for children with an hormone lack. Kiddies getting human development hormone drugs regularly react by raising faster, boosting their potency, and decreasing excess bodyweight, consistently not having negative results.
Maybe it's the name human growth hormone that creates the misunderstanding. Many believe that HGH is not needed once you stop growing. Researchers tell us it is a different story.
Scientists have targeted a very powerful hormone responsible for human growth and cell regeneration that, once harnessed, has all the properties of a bona fide "fountain of youth."
It arouses growth furthermore to mobile reproduction as well as in supplement style is popularly utilized as being a therapy for children with an hormone lack. Kiddies getting human development hormone drugs regularly react by raising faster, boosting their potency, and decreasing excess bodyweight, consistently not having negative results.
The entire sports world has been under fire over the use and abuse of anabolic steroids and human growth hormone occupies center stage.
What the public does not realize is that the form of human growth hormone that is being bantered about in the news are not HGH supplements.
Find out why Human Growth Hormone is considered the Fountain of Youth and how you can naturally increase your bodies own production of it.
Why is it controversial? I'll tell you.....
Hormone Replacement Therapy: Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
#MTR #Moxie #HGH
http://menopausemoxie.com/fountain-youth-hgh/
What is Human Growth Hormone (HGH)? HGH or Human Growth Hormone is a peptide hormone that is responsible for stimulating the growth, reproduction, and regeneration of cells in humans. Find more here: http://hghguide101.com/
Human Growth Hormone is often referred to by the abbreviation, HGH, and its production peaks during puberty. As we get older, our levels of natural HGH decrease. This signals the beginning of the aging process.
Bioidentical hormones are manmade hormones derived from plant estrogens that are chemically identical to those the human body produces. Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are among those most commonly replicated and used in treatment.
Discover 11 surprising uses of HGH injections beyond muscle building, including improved sleep, enhanced cognitive function, and even potential anti-aging benefits. Learn how this hormone therapy can positively impact your overall health and well-being.
General introduction about electrophoresis
Principle
Working condition of electrophoresis
Factors affecting separation of electrophoresis
Application of electrophoresis
Types of electrophoresis
Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Galinsoga parvi...Rajesh Yadav
The anxiolytic drugs have an unfavourable risk/benefit ratio, as they produce anterograde amnesia, dependence, abstinence syndrome, the paradoxical reaction in humans and decay of psychomotor functions. Therefore, research has been conducted to identify safer, more specific medications possessing anxiolytic effects without complications. In the past few years, several herbal medicines have been used for the management of anxiety in the world.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Prepared by : Rajesh yadav
Submitted to: Dr. N Venkatesan
2. HGH
(human growth hormone)
It’s a protein based poly-pepitide
Produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.
Used to stimulate growth, and cell reproduction and
regeneration in humans and other animals.
3. Definition
Growth hormone also known as somatotropin or
as human growth hormone [HGH] in its human
form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates
growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in
humans and other animals. It is thus important
in human development. It is a type of mitogen which is
specific only to certain kinds of cells. Growth hormone
is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is
synthesized, stored and secreted by somatotropin
cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary
gland.
4. Functions
Effects of growth hormone on the tissues of the body
can generally be described as anabolic (building up).
Like most other protein hormones, GH acts by
interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of
cells.
1) Increased height during childhood is the most widely
known effect of GH.
5. Apart from height, other responses are;
Increases calcium retention, strengthens and increases
the mineralization of bone
Increases muscle mass
through sarcomere hypertrophy
Promotes lipolysis
Increases protein synthesis
Stimulates the growth of all internal organs excluding
the brain
Plays a role in homeostasis
6. Reduces liver uptake of glucose
Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver
Contributes to the maintenance and function
of pancreatic islets
Stimulates the immune system
Increases deiodination of T4 to T3
7. Regulation
Secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary is
regulated by the neurosecretory nuclei of
the hypothalamus. These cells release the Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH/somatocrinin)
and Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH
/ somatostatin) into the hypophyseal portal venous
blood surrounding the pituitary. GH release in the
pituitary is primarily determined by the balance of
these two peptides. Somatotropic cells in anterior
pituitary gland then synthesize and secrete GH in a
pulsatile manner, in response to these stimuli by the
hypothalamus.
8. Deficiency of HGH
The effects of (GH) deficiency vary depending on the
age at which they occur. Alterations
in somatomedin can result in growth hormone
deficiency with two known mechanisms; failure of
tissues to respond to somatomedin, or failure of
the liver to produce somatomedin. Major
manifestations of GH deficiency in children
are growth failure, the development of a short stature,
and delayed sexual maturity. In adults, somatomedin
alteration contributes to increased osteoclast activity,
resulting in weaker bones that are more prone
to pathologic fracture and osteoporosis
9. However, deficiency is rare in adults, with the most
common cause being a pituitary adenoma. Other adult
causes include a continuation of a childhood problem,
other structural lesions or trauma, and very rarely
idiopathic GHD.
Adults with GHD "tend to have a relative increase in
fat mass and a relative decrease in muscle mass and, in
many instances, decreased energy and quality of life".
Diagnosis of GH deficiency involves a multiple-step
diagnostic, usually culminating in GH stimulation
tests to see if the patient's pituitary gland will release a
pulse of GH when provoked by various stimuli.
10. Medical uses
Replacement therapy
Treatment with exogenous GH is indicated only in
limited circumstances,and needs regular monitoring
due to the frequency and severity of side-effects. GH is
used as replacement therapy in adults with GH
deficiency of either childhood-onset or adult-onset
(usually as a result of an acquired pituitary tumor). In
these patients, benefits have variably included reduced
fat mass, increased lean mass, increased bone density,
improved lipid profile, reduced cardiovascular risk
factors, and improved psychosocial well-being.
11. Other approved uses
GH can be used to treat conditions that produce short
stature but are not related to deficiencies in GH.
However, results are not as dramatic when compared
to short stature that is solely attributable to deficiency
of GH. Examples of other causes of shortness often
treated with GH are Turner syndrome, chronic renal
failure, Prader–Willi syndrome, intrauterine growth
restriction, and severe idiopathic short stature. Higher
("pharmacologic") doses are required to produce
significant acceleration of growth in these conditions,
producing blood levels well above normal
("physiologic’’)
12. Side effects
Use of GH as a drug has been approved by the FDA for
several indications. This means that the drug has
acceptable safety in light of its benefits when used in
the approved way. Like every drug, there are several
side effects caused by GH, some common, some rare.
Injection-site reaction is common. More rarely, joint
swelling, joint pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, an
increased risk of diabetes. In some cases, the patient
can produce an immune response against GH. It may
also be a risk factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma.
One survey of adults that had been treated with GH
showed a mildly increased incidence of colon cancer
13. Performance enhancement
The first description of the use of GH as a doping
agent was Dan Duchaine's "Underground Steroid
handbook" which emerged from California in 1982; it
is not known where and when GH was first used this
way.
Athletes in many sports have used human growth
hormone in order to attempt to enhance their athletic
performance. Some recent studies have not been able
to support claims that human growth hormone can
improve the athletic performance of professional male
athletes. Many athletic societies ban the use of GH and
will issue sanctions against athletes who are caught
14. Dietary supplements
To capitalize on the idea that GH might be useful to
combat aging, companies selling dietary
supplements have websites selling products linked to
GH in the advertising text, with medical-sounding
names described as "HGH Releasers". Typical
ingredients include amino acids, minerals, vits, and/or
herbal extracts, the combination of which are
described as causing the body to make more GH with
corresponding beneficial effects. In the United States,
because these products are marketed as dietary
supplements it is illegal for them to contain GH, which
is a drug. Also, under United States law, products sold
as dietary supplements cannot have claims that the
supplement treats or prevents any disease .
15. Agricultural use
In the United States, it is legal to give a bovine GH to
dairy cows to increase milk production, and is legal to
use GH in raising cows for beef; see article on Bovine
somatotropin, cattle feeding, dairy farming and the beef
hormone controversy.
The use of GH in poultry farming is illegal in the
United States. Similarly, no chicken meat for sale in
Australia is administered hormones.[
Several companies have attempted to have a version of
GH for use in pigs (porcine somatotropin) approved by
the FDA but all applications have been withdrawn.
16. Intended use
Children with growth disorders
Adults with hormone deficiency
Short bowel syndrome
17. Side effects
Increased risk of diabetes
High blood pressure
Arthritis
Joint swelling
Joint pain
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Headache
Nausea, vomititing
18. How HGH methods work
Injection: a synthetic substance injected into the body. They tend to be
very expensive a single injections costs as much as $29.
Oral Spray: not scientifically proven to have an effect. Some say they
see results faster then the other methods.
Natural releasers: they increase the HGH levels in our bodies. They are
like vitamins taken in a tablet form. Usually taken just before bed
seeing how the pituitary gland is most active during sleep.
19. HGH prescriptions
It is legal to take human growth hormones if
prescribed by a physician.
20. BUSTED
Serious sentencing if you get caught selling human
growth hormone pills.
Fines could be up to ,250,00.
21. Back in the Game Sports Medicine is a clinic dedicated
to the treatment of physical injuries to the body.
Caring for an injured body involves more than making
the diagnosis; it's about understanding and treating
the cause to prevent future injuries. The clinic
addresses injuries of the spine, extremities, sports, and
auto/work.