The document discusses various applications of animal biotechnology including transgenic animals, biopharming, and stem cells. It provides details on using transgenic mice, livestock, fish, and other animals to produce pharmaceuticals like growth factors, hormones, and clotting factors. Stem cells are discussed for their role in disease treatment, drug testing, and therapeutic cloning applications.

3. Group Members
Md. Shahnewaz Parvez, ID No.:1506017
Samaun Nasaba Parvez, ID No.:1506018
Ibtida Tabassum Ishmam, ID No.:1506019
Jahanara Khanom Joty, ID No.:1506020
Mst.Yeasmin Akter, ID No.:1506022
Tahera Lasker, ID No.:1506025
Saikot Roy, ID No.:1506027
Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering
Sylhet Agricultural University,
Sylhet-3100

4. Overview
 Stem Cells
 Biopharming
 Transgenic Animals
 Transplantation & Drug development
 Therapeutics,diagnostics & Molecular Medicine
 Breeding

5. Introduction
 Animal Biotechnology is a new technology that
opened many doors in animal farm, medical and
research fields.
 The art and science of producing genetically
engineered animals.
 The technology has already produced transgenic
animals such as mice, rats, pigs, sheep and cows.

6. Sectors of Applications of Animal
Biotechnology
 Stem Cells research
 Transgenic Animals production
 Biopharming
 Transplantation & Drug development
 Therapeutics, diagnostics & Molecular Medicine
 Breeding

7. Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other
types of cells, and can also divide in self-renewal to
produce more of the same type of stem cells.
Figure 1: Stem cell
Stem cells

8.  In treatment of many disease using stem cell
therapy technique
 Production of clone animal
 Drug effect testing
 Many research purposes
Applications of Stem cells

9.  Stem cell therapy is a set of techniques that aims to
replace cells damaged or destroyed by disease with
healthy functioning ones.
 The techniques themselves are still relatively new but
their applications and benefits are broad.
 Stem Cell Therapy is now widely used in treatment
of many diseases.
Stem Cell Therapy

10.  Diabetes
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Parkinson's disease
 Alzheimer's disease
 Osteoarthritis
 Stroke and traumatic brain injury repair
 Learning disability due to congenital disorder
 Spinal cord injury repair
 Heart infarction
Treatment of Diseases Using Stem Cell

11.  Anti-cancer treatments
 Baldness reversal
 Replace missing teeth
 Repair hearing
 Restore vision and repair damage to the cornea
 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
 Crohn's disease
 Wound healing
 Male infertility
Cont.

12.  New drugs can be tested on stem cells to assess
their safety before testing drugs on animal and
human models.
 For example, a cancer cell line could be created to
test an anti-tumor drug.
 The current benefits of stem cell usage are already
well documented and it is expected that continued
research will pave the way for new treatments.
Stem Cells and Drug Testing

13. Figure 2: Procedure of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Cloning

14.  Reproductive cloning usually employs a technique
called somatic cell nuclear transfer.
 In the process of SCNT, they treat the reconstructed egg
with chemicals or electricity to stimulate cell division if
the egg divides normally and forms a blastocyst.
 It will transfer it into a surrogate mother to develop into
a new identical clone animal.
Reproductive Cloning

15.  A major benefit of therapeutic cloning is that the cells
removed are pluripotent & can give rise to all cells in
the body with the exception of the embryo.
 Cloning has the potentiality to dramatically reduce the
wait times for organ transplants as well as the
immunological concerns associated with organ
transplant therapy.
Therapeutic Cloning

16. Figure 3: Comparison between Therapeutic & Reproductive Cloning

17.  Stem cell transplant is used in treatment of macular
degeneration in eye which cause blindness.
 The stem cells were able to replace the damaged
photoreceptors, which are small, important cells
found in the retina.
 These photoreceptors have vital ability to visualize
things and they are very sensitive to light.
Stem Cells To Treat Blindness

18. Figure 4: Stem cell therapy for diabetes treatment
Stem Cells For Diabetes Treatment

19.  Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is a disorder of the nervous
system that can cause loss of balance and can cause
loss of sensation in the limbs.
 For the treatment of MS patients,stem cells are
obtained from their own bone marrow & targeting the
affected areas and replacing or replenishing the
depleted and damaged cell.
Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cells

20.  Bone morphogenic proteins are responsible for
ageing.
 The stem cells are less able to multiply that
ultimately leads to a reduction in the numbers of
stem cells present in the body.
 In these treatment process, the signaling between
these proteins are increased, therefore, the stem cell
populations are also increased, which further
strengthened the connection between stem cells and
aging.
Stem Cells And Ageing

21.  Stem cells therapy are also used in hearing loss
treatment.
 In these treatment method, Embryonic Stem Cells is
used to replace or compensate the damage cells
Stem Cells And Hearing Loss

22.  During Alzheimer's disease, it has loss of
connections from one neuron to another in the
human brain.
 Neural stem cells are used for the treatment of
Alzheimer's Disease
 This cells replace the damage cell and improve
connection among neuron cells.
 Besides the stem cells secrete a special protein. This
particular protein triggers the growth of new
neurites.
Stem Cells & Alzheimer's Disease

23.  Silicon implant technique is used for breast
augmentation.
 Stem cell therapy suggests that 'natural' breast implants
that may be more feasible without the complications of
traditional breast implants.
 Stem cells from stomach fat and then growing the cells
in the woman's breasts.
Breast Implants From Stem Cells

24.  Leukemia is treated with bone marrow transplant
 One of the problems with traditional bone marrow
therapies is that the donor has to be a match to the
cancer patient
 In newer approaches, the technique removes the need
for the donor to match the patient.
 The higher concentration of stem cells provides more
successful results, helping improve patient outcomes.
Stem Cell In Leukemia

25. Transgenic animals are the one that carries a
foreign gene inserted into their genome so as to
alter their DNA.
 Several transgenic animals are created including
mice, pigs, rabbits, rats, cows, fish, and sheep.
Transgenic animal

26. The strategy used to achieve transgenic animal-
 A cloned gene is injected into the nucleus of a
fertilized egg
 Fertilized eggs are implanted into a receptive female
 Some of the offspring carry the cloned gene in all of
their cells
 Animals with the cloned gene cells are bred to
establish new genetic lines
Cont.

27. Figure 5: Establishing transgenic mice with retroviral vectors
Cont.

28. Applications of transgenic Mice
 Transgenic mice can be used as model systems for
determining the biological basis of human diseases.
 It is an exemplary system for proving whether the
production of a potential therapeutic agent is
feasible.

29. Mouse models for human genetic diseases:
 Alzheimer disease
 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
 Huntington disease
 Muscular dystrophy
 Tumorigenesis etc.
Cont.

30. Application of Transgenic Livestock
Transgenic animal
Production of
Pharmaceutical
Production of
Donor Organs
Improving
Production
Traits
Improving
milk quality
Creating
disease-resistant
animal

31. Cont.
Figure 6: Production of disease-resistant Livestock

32.  Resistance to viral, bacterial, and coccidial diseases
 Better feed efficiency
 Lower fat and cholesterol levels in eggs
 Better meat quality
 Egg with high protein content, could be used as a
source for pharmaceutical proteins
 Increase secretion large amounts of ovalbumin
Transgenic Poultry

33. As natural fisheries become depleted, production of
this worldwide food resource has come to depend
more heavily on aquaculture.
In this context, enhanced growth rates, tolerance of
environmental stress, and resistance to diseases are
some of the features that may be created by
transgenesis.
Transgenic Fish

34. Biopharming
 Biopharming is the production and use of transgenic
plants and animals genetically engineered to produce
pharmaceutical substances for use in humans or animals
 Also known as molecular farming or molecular
pharming.
 Most important utilization of transgenic animals
involving the target production of therapeutically
recognized proteins.

35. Transgenic animals as bioreactor
 They are Genetically modified by stable incorporation
of foreign DNA into their genome.
 Expressing recombinant proteins in milk, urine, blood,
sperm, or eggs, or even to grow organs for transplantation.
 Having post translational modification machinery
(glycosylation, phosphorylation etc) essential for proper
folding and functioning of complex eukaryotic proteins.

36. Commonly used transgenic animals
 Rabbit
 Goat
 Sheep
 Pigs
 Cows
 Mice

37.  Growth factors
 Hormones
 Antithrombin III
 α1- Antitrypsin
 Calcitonin
 Erythropoietin
 Fibrinogen
 Hemoglobin
 Human serum
albumin
Products

38.  Insulin
 α-Lactalbumin
 Human tissue plasminogen activator
 Lactoferrin
 Lysozyme
 Interferons
 Immunoglobulins
 Spider silk proteins
 Blood clotting proteins
Cont.

39. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
 Stable production of IGF-1in the milk of transgenic mice.
 The transgene gene consisting of the cDNA for human
IGF-1 and a mammary gland specific expression cassette
derived from bovine alpha-S1-casein sequences.
 Transgene expression was shown to be strictly tissue and
lactation period specific with the average production of
543 ± 41 µg/ml protein.

40. Human nerve growth factor (hNGF)
 hNGF is a clinically effective protein in the treatment
of many human neuronal and non-neuronal diseases.
 A transgenic mouse line has been generated carrying a
salivary gland specific promoter-driven hNGF transgene.
 This mouse line secretes high level of hNGF protein
in their saliva (1.36 μg/mL).

41. Human growth hormone
 Transgenic rabbit has been used to produce the hGH in
their milk.
 The expression pattern of recombinant human growth
hormone (rhGH) in transgenic rabbits consists of hGH
genomic sequences and the rat whey acidic protein (WAP)
promoter.
 Biologically active hGH was detected in the female
rabbit up to the level of 10 μg/ml.

42. Recombinant human antithrombin III
 Transgenic cloned goats are considered as the best
candidate for the production of recombinant human
antithrombin III (rhATIII).
 The transgene construct consists of the human ATIII
cDNA and enterokinase recognised peptide-DNA
sequence which are ligated to a goat beta-casein
promoter and poly (A) singling sequences, neomycin
selection gene is linked at the end of the poly (A)
singling region.

43. Cont.
 The transgenic cloned goat are derived from by the
nuclear transplantation of the goat fetal fibroblast which
is transfected by the transgene construct.

44. Human α1‐antitrypsin (α1AT)
 Transgenic sheep have a great potential for the
large scale production of α1AT.
 Gene construct comprises cDNA sequences
encoding human alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (α1AT) which is
inserted into the first exon of the ovine β‐lactoglobulin
gene (BLG).
 The recombinant α1AT protein are biologically
active and shows the same electrophoretic mobility as
human plasma‐derived α1AT

45. Recombinant human erythropoietin
 Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced primarily
by the kidneys plays a key role in the production of red
blood cells.
 A line of transgenic swine has been developed
harboring recombinant human erythropoietin (hEPO)
through microinjection into fertilized pig zygotes.
 The milk from the transgenic pigs has been analyzed
which produces a significant amount of hEPO protein
(877.9 ± 92.8 IU/1 ml).

46. Recombinant human fibrinogen
 Transgenic mice have been used for the high level
expression of r-human fibrinogen to the mammary gland.
 The transgene construct consists of three expression
cassettes, each containing the genomic sequence for one
of the three human fibrinogen chains which are controlled
by sheep whey protein beta-lactoglobulin promoter
sequences.

47. Cont.
 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of milk of the
transgenic mice demonstrated the presence of human
fibrinogen subunits at concentrations of 2000
micrograms/ml
 Incubation of the transgenic milk with thrombin and
factor XIII resulted in a cross-linked fibrin clot,
indicating that a major portion of the secreted fibrinogen
was functional

48. Recombinant human serum albumin
 Transgenic cattle expressing high levels of recombinant
human serum albumin (HSA) in their milk may as an
alternative source for commercial production
 Cattle were genetically modified to express HSA in
milk using phiC31 integrase system and somatic cell
nuclear transfer (SCNT)

49.  The mammary-specific expression plasmid pIACH(-),
containing the attB recognition site for phiC31 integrase,
were co-transfected with integrase expression plasmid
pCMVInt into bovine fetal fibroblast cells (BFFs).
 The phiC31 integrase system is an efficient and safety
gene delivery tool for producing HSA transgenic cattle
Cont.

50. human plasminogen activator (rhPA)
 Expression efficacy of recombinant human
plasminogen activator in homozygous transgenic rabbits
is significantly very high.
 Homozygous transgenic rabbits were obtained using
an effective rhPA mammary-specific expression vector
PCL25/rhPA
 The expression of rhPA in homozygous transgenic
rabbit was ~950 µg/ml, which was markedly higher in
comparison with that in hemizygote rabbits

51. human Interferon-γ
 Human interferon-γ (hIFN-γ) is a key cytokine
endowed with multiple biological activities such as
antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, and
immunomodulatory activity
 A transgenic mouse line has been generated for
expressing the hIFN-γ gene under the control of the
murine whey acidic protein (mWAP) gene promoter into
the mammary glands of lactating mice

52. Spider silk
 Spiders' silk-spinning genes are incorporated into
goats to harvest the silk protein from the goats’ milk for
a variety of applications.
 Due to its strength and elasticity, spider silk fiber
could have several medical uses, such as for making
artificial ligaments and tendons, for eye sutures, and for
jaw repair. The silk could also have applications in
bulletproof vests and improved car airbags

53. Therapeutics
 Human tissue plasminogen activator - to remove
blood clots.
 Recombinant human proinsulin - to increase the
mature insulin concentrations.
 Protein C - regulating inflammation, anti-coagulation
and cell death and maintain the permeability of blood
vessel walls in humans and other animals.

54.  Human serum albumin - helps to maintain the
osmotic pressure between the blood vessels and tissue.
 ATryn - used as an anti-coagulant in the treatment of
hereditary AT (Antithrombin) deficiency.
 Human Growth Hormone (somatropin) - treatment
of turner syndrome, increasing tissue and bone growth,
decreasing body fat storage.
Cont

55.  Alpha-1-antitrypsin (α1-antitrypsin) - to protect the lungs
from damage caused by activated enzyme elastase.
 Myelin basic protein (MBP) - treatment of multiple
sclerosis
 Interferon α-2β - treatment of chronic hepatitis, hairy
leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia and multiple
myeloma.
Figure 8: Interferon α-2β
Cont.

56. Human haemoglobin - used for blood transfusions.
Human calcitonin - treatment of osteoporosis,
Pagets disease and hypercalcemic shock.
Figure 9: Human calcitonin
Cont.

57. Molecular Medicine
 Tissue engineering is used to rise artificial skin,
cartilage and bone marrow.
Figure 10: Tissue engineering and cell therapy

58. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is used to monitor
tumor cells in gene therapy technology, to study the
protein-protein interactions
Human enzyme deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) is
used for the treatment of Cystic fibrosis.
Figure 11: Dnase I
Cont.

59. Diagnostics
 FISH (Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridisation) and
ELISA (Enzymes Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay)
assay
 Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Systems for gene
therapy
 PCR-based diagnostic kits is used to detection
and quantitation of –
 Human immunodeficiency virus
 Trypanosoma cruzi
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis

60. Applications of Animal Biotechnology
in Breeding
Somatic cell nuclear
transfer
Atificial
Insemination(AI)
In-vitro fertilization(IVF)

61. Artificial insemination(AI)
Figure 12: Artificial Insemination(AI) in cattle

62. Advantages of AI
 Superior sire can be raised
 Small quantity of semen can inseminate many
females
 Proper method help in disease control
 More female at heat can be inseminated
simultaneously
 Increase the rate of conception
 Help in better record keeping

63. Disadvantages of AI
 Required well trained operations and special
equipments
 Requires more time than natural services
 Semen has to be tested properly
 Costly
 Estrous detection must be good.

64. In-vitro fertilization(IVF)
Figure 13: In-vitro fertlization in cattle

65. Advantages of IVF
 Fertilization is confirmed before implantation
 Low cost compared to other ART
Disadvantages of IVF
 Timing in the process of insemination is important
 Low success rate, results are only 10-20%

66. Application of animal biotechnology in
drug development
 Production of human insulin
 Monoclonal antibody
 Human growth hormone
 Vaccines
 Gene therapy

67. Monoclonal antibody
 Antibodies derived from a single clone of cells which
recognize only one kind of antigen, are called monoclonal
antibodies.
 The technique of producing monoclonal antibodies by fusing
normal antibody-producing cells with cells from cancerous
tumors was introduced by Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein
in 1970.

68. Monoclonal antibodies are used as-
 To measure the amount of steroid hormones
 To study antigens on the surface of cancer cells.
 An anticancer drugs
 To remove toxins from the bloodstream.
 One of the most effective applications of monoclonal
antibodies is immune suppression for kidney
transplantation.
Cont.

69. Gene therapy
 Gene therapy is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical
agent to treat disease.
 This method consists of repairing or replacing
mutated genes.
 It is used to treat cancer, AIDS, SCID, Gaucher
disease, rheumatoid arthritis, a1-antitrypsin
deficiency, hepatitis, parkinson’s disease and others.

70. Vaccines
 A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides
active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
 Eradicates smallpox, tetanus, polio, measles,
mumps, chickenpox and typhoid
 Therapeutic vaccines also used for cure AIDS, cancer
or tuberculosis.

71. Production of human insulin
 Production of genetically engineered human insulin
was one of the first breakthroughs of biotechnology
in the pharmaceutical industry.
 Controls the absorption of glucose from the
bloodstream
 Regulate the level of glucose in blood.

72. Human somatostatin hormone
 Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of somatotropin
by the pituitary gland as well as some other hormones
such as insulin and glucagon.
 It is used to treat acromegaly (excessive production
of somatotropin).
 Its analogs are used as anticancer drugs.

73. Application of animal Biotechnology in
transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which
an organ is removed from one body and placed in the
body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing
organ.

74. Techniques for Organ Regeneration
 Cell therapy
 Tissue-engineering
 Generation of organs using a blastocyst
complementation system
 Generation of a functional organ from a single adult
tissue stem cell

75. Conclusion
The developing world is grossly unprepared for the
new technological and economic opportunities,
challenges and risks .
The developing world will have to respond to the
many gene based technologies now being developed
with a sense of commitment, trained manpower,
infrastructure and funding.