This document provides an introduction to gene transfer techniques. It discusses: 1. The process of gene transfer, which moves a specific piece of DNA into a cell, and genetic transformation, which is the stable integration and expression of a foreign gene into an organism's genome. 2. The two main methods of gene transfer - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment. 3. The steps involved in transformation which include identifying a desirable gene, designing the gene for insertion, inserting the gene into a target plant, and identifying transformed cells.

1. WELCOME

2. GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
DEV HINGRA
PhD Scholar
09982384008
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics
Rajasthan College of Agriculture
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology
Udaipur 313001
Mail Id – mail2devhingra@gmail.com

3. INTRODUCTION
• Gene transfer or uptake of DNA refers to the
process that moves a specific piece of DNA into
cell.
• The directed desirable gene transfer from one
organism to another and the subsequent stable
integration & expression of foreign gene into the
genome is referred as genetic transformation.
• The transferred gene is known as transgene and
the organism that develop after a successful gene
transfer is known as transgenic.

4. Evolution and Gene Transfer
• Genetic engineering techniques and tools
are artificial means of creation of variation.
• These can be used in development of new
genotypes or species.
• Thus it is linked with man made crop
evolution.

5. Transformation:Transformation:
Heritable change in a cell/organismHeritable change in a cell/organism
brought about by the uptake andbrought about by the uptake and
establishment of introduced DNA.establishment of introduced DNA.

6. STEPS IN TRANSFORMATION
1. Identification of useful genes : Desirable
genes located in wild species, unrelated
plant species, unrelated organism and
animals.
2. Designing gene for insertion: The gene
of interest is isolated from the donor
source and cloned in the laboratory. The
cloning is done generally using plasmid.

7. 3. Insertion of gene into target plant: The cloned
gene i.e multiple copies of the gene of interest
are inserted into host plant or the recipient
plant.
4. Identification of transgenic cells: Transformed
cells are identified using selectable marker and
are regenerated into whole plant in nutrient
medium. Regenerate plant compared with
plant variety. It should look like parent variety
except gene of interest.

8. Identifying a Desirable Gene
Gene donor
Sampling

9. Clone into
vector
Marker gene construct
i
Put into
bacteria
Transformation

10. Methods of
gene transfer

11. There are two methods
A)Vector Based Method:- Infecting plant cells with
plasmid as vector carrying the desired gene.
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
2) Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
3) Viral vectors like CaMV, Gemini virus
B) Direct Gene Transfer Method :- Shooting
microscopic particle containing gene directly into the cell.
1. Particle Bombardment (Gene Gun).
2. Liposome-mediated gene transfer.
3. Electroporation of protoplast.
4. Microinjection.
5. Silicon carbide fibers.

12. Agrobacterium
first successful plant -1983
Agroacteria genus A. tumefaciance
A.Rhizogenes
Agroacteria gram negetive rods belong to
bacterial family, near soil level at junction
of plant stem and root.
Large plasmid in theses bacteria are called
Tumour inducing plasmid(Ti) and root
indicing (Ri)

13. .Agrobacterium contains a plasmid (Ti plasmid)
with the ability to enter plant cells and insert a
portion of its genome into plant chromosomes.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens + DNA
Contd….Contd….
•Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Clone
1) Gene cloning
Bacterial chromosome

14. • 1) Tissue from an abiotic
stress susceptible plant is
cultured to form
undifferentiated mass of cells
++
Agrobacterium with alter DNAAgrobacterium with alter DNA
• 2) This cells in culture
are now inoculated with
agrobacterium carrying
the altered Ti plasmid
cells Contd….Contd….
2) Genetic transformation

15. 3) Out of several cell only
few cell are transformed
this cells are dissociated
and grown in liquid culture.
4) Marker gene is added to
select cells that have
incorporated the resistance
DNA ..
Contd….Contd….
3) Identification of transformed cells

16. 5) The embryo grows into a plant
which now contains the abiotic
stress resistant gene.
(www.ag.ndsu.edu)
4) Regeneration of transformed cells

17. Bt-transformed Crops
• Cotton
• Corn (maize)
• Soybean
• Tomato
• Tobacco
• Brinjal

18. VIRUS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
Vectors based on virus desirable – high
efficiency of gene transfer
Viral infection of cell result in addition of
new genetic material which is expressed in
the host.
Additional genetic material incorporated in
the genome of plant virus might be
replicated and expressed in the plant cell
along with viral genome.

20.  Particle Bombardment through Gene GunParticle Bombardment through Gene Gun

21. Gene Gun

22. Conventional Gene Gun

23. Helios gene Gun
A Handy Helios Gene Gun
Used for Gene Delivery into
target host Plants, Tissues in
the Green House or under
standard Lab Conditions
(www.bio.devision.edu)
This gun uses Biolistic ®This gun uses Biolistic ®
particle bombardment whereparticle bombardment where
DNA- coated gold particles
are loaded into the gun.
A low pressure helium
pulse delivers the coated
gold particles into virtually
any target cell or tissue.

24. Gene Delivery Through Helios
Gene Gun
(www.biochem.arizona.edu)

25. Gene transformation by Agrobacterium and gene gunGene transformation by Agrobacterium and gene gun
((www.ag.ndsu.edu)www.ag.ndsu.edu)

26. Liposomes - mediated
transformation
• In Liposomes mediated transformationIn Liposomes mediated transformation
DNA is loaded into liposome.DNA is loaded into liposome.
• DNA are enter in to protoplastDNA are enter in to protoplast
(lipofection) either direct fusion with(lipofection) either direct fusion with
plasma membrane or endocytosis ofplasma membrane or endocytosis of
liposome.liposome.
• And transfer of genes takes place.And transfer of genes takes place.

27. Electroporation
Suspension of protoplast with
desired DNA are prepared passes
from
High electric shock
For few seconds
Cause temporarily pores to open
Allows DNA to enter the cell
Preferably Protoplasts used largely

29. Direct mechanical introduction of DNA under microscopical
control in specific target.
Microinjection is able to penetrate intact cell wall.
03/29/16
Cells/protoplast-glass micropipette of 0.5-
10.0 µm diameter tips are used for transfer of
macromolecule into the cytoplasm/nucleus of
recipient Cell/protoplast
MICROINJECTION

30. Silicon-carbide mediated
transformation.
In Silicon-carbide mediate transformation
The DNA (with marker gene) , silicon carbide
fibers ,tissue of species are mixed in a blender.
 The DNA-coated fibers penetrate the cells
via small edges created by the fibers.
Thus the DNA is introduced.

31. Advantages of Transgenic Plants
• Improvement in Yield
• Herbicide resistance
• Improvement in Quality
• Insect resistance
• Resistance to abiotic stresses
• Industrial Products
• Rapid and Accurate Technique
• No barrier for gene transfer

32. LIMITATIONLIMITATION
 Genetically modified crop are against
environment and biosafety.
 Genetically modified crops may become
weed.
 Antibiotic resistant gene in crops may lead to
development of resistant to the antibiotic used
to treat human and animal diseases.
 It may disturb the ecosystem by eliminating
the natural population.
 Dependence of farmers on multinational
company.

33. Risk and concerns
• Damage to human health
• Allergenicity.
• Eating foreign DNA.
• Change nutrient levels.
• Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter.
• Damage to natural environment
• Monarch butterfly.
• Antibiotic resistance.
• Crop to weed gene flow.
• Leakage of GM proteins into soil.

34. It would be highly effective to identify
genes that respond to multiple stresses,
both biotic and abiotic.
 Transforming many different elite crop
varieties that are suitable for planting in
major growing regions in the world, so that
crossing with local crop varieties could be
minimized or eliminated.
 There is a need for a greater number of
dedicated laboratories which deal solely
with the production of abiotic stress
tolerant transgenic crops.
Future research needs

35. India has diverse climatic condition and soil types,
varied agricultural patterns and poor infrastructure in
farming sector. There is thus an urgent need for
production of abiotic stress tolerant plants in India, than
anywhere else.
 Genetic engineering could be used to accelerate
progress in conventional crops breeding programs
committed towards development of abiotic tolerance in
rice.
 Genetic engineering may provide ample scope for
enhancing crop yield by enabling growing in drought
and salt stress condition.
 LEA has a potential for use as molecular tools for
genetic crop improvement toward stress tolerance.

36. ThankThank
youyou