The anterior pituitary gland secretes several important hormones. Growth hormone promotes growth and development. Prolactin stimulates lactation. Gonadotropins such as LH and FSH regulate the reproductive system. ACTH regulates cortisol production and TSH controls thyroid function. These hormones are regulated by hypothalamic factors and provide feedback control of their target organs. Disorders can arise from excess or deficiency of anterior pituitary hormones, leading to important diseases like acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, and hypothyroidism.

1. BY:- shubham kumar vishwakarma
B.Pharm
V semester
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
HORMONES

2. INTRODUCTION
The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM includes all the glands
(ductless glands) of the body and the hormones
produced by those glands – maintain homeostasis
Hormone (Greek hormaein—to stir up) is a
substance of intense biological activity that is
produced by specific cells in the body and is
transported through circulation to act on its target
cells. Hormones are secreted by the endocrine or
ductless glands.

3. THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES

4. CLASSIFICATION
1.Somatotropic Hormones
1- Growth Hormone (GH)
2- Prolactin (Prl)
2.Glycoprotein Hormones
1- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
2- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
3- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

5. CLASSIFICATION
3. derived Hormones
1- Corticotropin: ACTH
2- Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones: a-MSH, b-MSH
3- Lipotropins: b-LPH, g-LPH

6. 1. GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
 Structure:-
 Receptors are JAK-STAT protein kinase type
Regulation: Hypothalamus - secretes GHRH and also
inhibitory
 GHIH (Somatostatin – also in pancreas) – controls
secretion
 (increasing or decreasing cAMP) - all are GPCR
 GH secretion – high in children, reaches maximum level
in
 adolescent and decreases in age related manner -
Occurs in irregular
 pulse, falls between these pulses
 Amplitude of secretory pulses is maximum at night,
shortly after
 onset of deep sleep

7. REGULATION
 Stimulation: By GHRH(Somatorelin)
 Inhibition: By Somatostatin
Other Factors stimulating release
 Hypoglycemia, Exercise,Stress,Ghrelin
Other Factors inhibiting release
 Free fatty acid ,Corticosteroid, Hyperglycemia

8. REGULATION

9. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
Promotes Growth - Coordinated action of several
hormones
 GH promotes growth of all organs by inducing
hyperplasia –proportionate increase in the size and
mass of all parts – except brain and eye
 – Retention of Nitrogen and other tissue
constituents – more protoplasm formation
 – Positive Nitrogen balance – due to increase
uptake of amino acids
 – Promotes utilization of fats – spares glucose
(muscles)

10. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
Direct Effects
 Stimulation of Lipolysis
 Stimulation of Hepatic glucose output
 Production of Insulin-like growth factors
 Catabolic effects in lipid cells and anabolic effects
muscle
 Mixed effects on carbohydrate metabolism
 Increase Protein synthesis

11. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
Indirect Effects
 Mediated by IGF-1 (Somatomedins)
 Increase cell numbers
 Positive Nitrogen balance
 Increase Protein synthesis

12. M.O.A
 Via JAK/STAT Cytokine receptor super family
 Induce conformational change
 Recruitment and activation of JAK kinase
 Phosphorylation
 Dimerization
 Nuclear translocation

13. M.O.A

14. DISEASE CONDITIONS RELATED TO GH
 Hyposecretion
 Dwarfism(Pituitary)
 Hyper secretion
 Gigantism in children
 Acromegaly in adult

15. USES
Childhood pituitary dwarfism
Dose-25mcg/kg/day SC or IM
Idiopathic short stature
Other uses
TS, PS, NS, SGA,CRF- Growth
Wasting in HIV patient- ↑ Lean body mass ,weight
Short bowel syndrome- Improve GI function
Wound healing in large born
Athlete-Dope drug

16. ADVERSE EFFECT
Childrens:-
Nausea,Vomiting,↑ICP,Scoliosis
Adults:-
Peripheral edema,Arthrlgia,Myalgia
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Otitis media, Proliferative retinopathy

17. GH INHIBITOR
Somatostatin
• Somatostatin:14 amino acid peptide
• Produce mainly by hypothalamus and also in GIT
• Inhibits secretion of GH, TSH and prolactin by pituitary and insulin
and glucagon by pancreas and all GIT secretions (Gastrin, HCl)
• All GIT secretions are inhibited including HCl - Diarrhoea,
stetorrhoea, hypochlorhydria, nausea, dyspepsia etc. occurs
• Constrict hepatic, splanchnic and renal blood vessels
• Uses:
– Acromegaly: limited use due to short half-life (2-3 min)
– GI haemorrhages (250 mcg slow IV, 3 mg infusion for 12 Hrs)
– Pancreatic, biliary and intestinal fistulae – antisecretory effects
– APUD tumours producing excess HCl
– Diabetic ketoacidosis (inhibits glucagon and GH secretion)
• Drawbacks: Short duration (2-3 min) and rebound GH secretion

18. GH INHIBITOR
Octreotide
• Synthetic analogue of Somatostatin and 40 times more
potent
• Longer duration of action (t1/2 – 90 min)
• In acromegaly preferred - Injection octreotide (100 μg)
s.c thrice daily
• Monitor serum GH and IGF-1 levels to assess
effectiveness
• Goal – decrease GH levels < 2ng/ml & IGF-1 levels
within normal range for age and sex
• Octreotide binds preferentially to receptors on GH
secreting tumors - decreases tumor size
• Octreotide inhibits TSH secretion and is treatment of
choice in thyrotrope adenoma that over secrete TSH and
not good candidate for surgery

19. GH INHIBITOR
• Adverse effects: abdominal pain,
steatorrhoea, diarrhoea and gall stones

20. PROLACTIN
Secreted by Lactotrophs of the Anterior Pituitary
Single polypeptide chain composed of 199 AA
Secretion Starts early in the fetal stage
Decline shortly after birth and remain low in male
In female increase with pregnancy
Maximum at parturition

21. PROLACTIN
Regulation
Inhibited by Dopamine
Stimulated by TRH,VIP,PRP
Physiological Effects
Proliferation and differentiation of mammary tissue
Initiation of lactation

22. PROLACTIN

23. Hyperprolactinemia
Causes
Pituitary microadenoma
Dopamine antagonists
Hypothyroidism associated with high level of TRH
Hypothalamus or Anterior Pituitary disorders
Renal failure
Symptoms
In females: Galactorrhea, Amenorrhea, Infertility
In males: Loss of libido, Impotence, Infertility

24. Treatment
Dopamine agonists
Bromocriptine
1.25mg after evening meal
Cabergoline, Quinagolide
Other Uses
• Parkinsonism
• Acromegaly
• Hepatic coma

25. GONADOTROPINS
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

26. GONADOTROPINS
Secretion
LH and FSH - Gonadotrophs of the Anterior Pituitary
HCG - Placenta
Regulation
Stimulation
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Inhibition
Feed back mechanism by sex hormone
CG produced by placenta after fertilization

27. REGULATION OF GONADOTROPIN SECRETION

28. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE
Males
LH (ICSH)
Stimulate production of androgens by Leydig cells
FSH
Enhance sperm production by Sertoli cells
Regulate spermatogenesis
Females
LH
Induce Ovulation and stimulate Progesterone production
Maintenance of corpus luteum
Stimulate synthesis of testosterone and androstenedione
FSH
Enhance production of Estrogen
Development of follicles and ovum

29. PREPARATION
Commercially availble
Menotropins or hMG( human menopausal
gonadotropin)
1st comercial gonadotropin product
Contain FSH like and LH like substance
Extracted from urine of post menopausal women
FSH (purified)
Urofillitropin uFSH
rFSH---follitropin alfa
follitropin beta
HCG extracted from urine
rHCG

30. USES
Diagnostic
Diagnosis of Pregnancy: HCG in Urine or Blood
Prediction of Ovulation: LH 36 hr before Ovulation
Ovustick - Immunoassay dipstick test
Reproductive system disorder in males and females

31. GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
Structure
Polypeptide composed of 10 amino acid residues
Secretion
Hypothalamic neurons with onset of puberty
Pulsatile GnRH secretion Stimulates gonadotropin secretion
Non Pulsatile GnRH secretion Inhibits gonadotropin secretion
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
 Gonadorelin
Acetate salt of synthetic human GnRH
Administered SC/IM
T1/2- 4 min.
 Synthetic analogs/GnRH analogue
Goserelin (SC/IM/ Nasal spray)
Histrelin,Nafarelin,Triptorelin,Leuprolide
T1/2 -3 hrs

32. USES
Due to stimulation
1.Female infertility
Very rarely used
2.Male infertility
3-6 months of treatment is required
3.Diagnostic of LH responsiveness
Side effects
Female
Headache, Nausea, Flushing,Local swelling
Hyersensitivity dermatitis

33. SIDE EFFECTS
In Male
Hot flush ,Sweating, Edema
Gynecomastia. Decreased libido
Asthenia, bone density, decreased hematocrit

34. GNRH ANTAGONIST
Ganirelix. Abarelix, Cetrorelix, Degarelix
Uses
1.Controlled ovarian stimulation
To prevent LH surge
2. Advance prostate cancer
S/E
Nausea, headache
Abarelix-Allergy,hypotension,QT prolongation

35. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
• Regulation of release CRH
• Secretion stimulated by stress ,Hypoglycemia
• Circadian pattern of release
• Highest levels of cortisol are in early morning
• Depends on sleep-wake cycle
• Jet-lag can result in alteration of pattern
• Action is through MCR (GPCR)
• Mostly MC2R
 Acts on adrenal cortex
• Stimulates growth of cortex (tropic action)
• Stimulates steroid hormone synthesis

36. Acts on adrenal cortex
• Stimulates growth of cortex (tropic action)
• Stimulates steroid hormone synthesis
Excess production
Cushing’s syndrome/Cushing’s disease
Deficiency
Pituitary insufficiency

37. REGULATION OF ACTH

38. Cosyntropin
Synthetic Human ACTH
Uses
I.Therapeutic uses of ACTH
Very rarely use
Less predictable, less consistent than corticosteroid
Some time use for multiple sclerosis
II.Diagnostic uses
Testing integrity of HPA axis
A/E
Hyperandrogenism
Na retention,Hypokalemia

39. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
Stimulate thyroid glands - Secrete T3 and T4
Induce hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid
follicles
Promote iodide trapping
Promote organification of and incorporation of
iodine
Uses
Thyrotropin has no therapeutic use
To stimulate I 131 uptake in tumor cells
A/E
Nausea,Headache,Asthenia,Neurologic
abnormalities

40. FEEDBACK CONTROL OF THYROID FUNCTION