This document discusses the high economic value of unsaturated fatty acids produced by the tropical marine diatom Nitzschia sp. from the Karimun Jawa islands in Indonesia. It notes that diatoms are a group of unicellular algae that are important primary producers in oceans. The document then provides details on the fatty acid composition of various Indonesian diatom species, including Nitzschia sp., finding different concentrations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids under different light conditions. It discusses potential applications of these fatty acids in health, agriculture, aquaculture and energy industries.

1. High economic value
unsaturated fatty acid
potency produced by
tropical marine diatom
(Nitzschia sp. :
Bacillariophyceae)
from Karimun Jawa
Diah Radini Noerdjito 1,2
Gede Suantika 2
Djoko T. Iskandar 2
1 Research Center for Oceanography,
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
2 School of Life Science and Technologi,
Institut Teknologi Bandung

3. https://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/6a.html

4. • Bacillariophyceae or diatom are group of eukaryote, unicellular, and
microscopic algae, which dominated phytoplankton in the ocean. Microscopic
phytoplankton took a significant part as primary producer, biological carbon
pump, and the main source of hydrocarbon deposit in the ocean (Falkowsky et al.
2008).
• As a whole, marine phytoplankton account for >46% of global net primary
production, despite representing only 0.2% of global primary producer biomass
(Behrenfeld and Falkowski 1997; Falkowski et al. 1998; Field et al. 1998).
• Diatoms alone account for ≥40% of marine primary production, thus contributing
20–25% of global net primary production (Nelson et al. 1995; Werner 1977),
which is more than all the world’s rainforests (Field et al. 1998).
• Diatom also contributed until 50% total carbon fixation in ocean and 25% total
carbon fixation in the world (Raven & Falkowski 1999, Armbrust 2009, Werner
1997).
• Diatoms constitute one of the most abundant and diverse phytoplankton groups,
with estimates of 200.000 species (Mann & Droop 1996), although only about
12% have been described (Julius & Theriot 2010).

5. • PRIMARY
PRODUCER
• BIOLOGICAL
CARBON PUMP
• HYDROCARBON
DEPOSIT
Basic reseach : taxonomy, biosystematics, ecology,
genetics, ecology, etc
Aquaculture industry : life feed
Environment management & toxicology : test
organism for toxicity test
Disaster management : Harmful Algae Bloom
Health industry : supplement, pigment, anti-fungi,
anti-bacteria, anti-virus, protein theurapetic,
neuroprotective agent, anti-cancer
Energy : biodiesel, bioavtur
• Microscopic algae
• Simple structure, do not have roots, stems, or leaves.
• Single cells or chain of cells
• convert water and carbon dioxide to biomass and oxygen
in the presence of sunlight.
• Found in places where water and sunlight exist
DIATOM
Nitzschia sp.

6. • Lipid synthesis is one of diatom mechanism to store
carbon and energy, and fatty acid biosynthesis pathway
is a primary metabolic pathway. It is found in every cell
of the plant and is essential to growth (Ohlronge and
Browse 1995).
• Many environmental factors affect the cultured diatom
metabolism, such as temperature (Berges et al. 2002;
Chen et al. 2008), medium and nutrient source (Fabregas
et al. 1986; Durmaz 2007), and light (Falkowsky et al.
1985; Sukenik and Wahnon 1991; Anning et al. 2000).
Lipid/oil synthesis in diatom

7. Diatom for aquaculture industry
Mollusc
larvae
Shrimp & crab
larvae
Fish
larvae
copepods
mollusc
Last stage of shrimp, crab, and fish larvae
Marine diatom as
live feed

8. Diatom for
Agriculture industry
• Some diatom produce pelargonic acid /
nonanoic acid as metabolic compound that can
be used as herbicide
• Some diatom produce oleic acid as metabolic
compound that can be used as herbicide and
insecticide

9. Diatom for energy
• Lipid content from diatom could
be transform into oil that have
the potency to be used as biofuel
(biodiesel, bioavtur)
• Bio-oil from diatom should pass
numbers of specification before
can be used as biofuel.
• Many species of diatom could
produce lipid. Lipid content of
diatom were species specific, dan
their production efficiency could
be enhance through biological,
physical, and chemical
modification.

10. Karimun Jawa Islands

11. Nitzschia
sp.

12. Fatty acid in common oils
Saturated Fatty
Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Palm oil
(Elaeis gueneansis)
44 % palmitic aid
5% stearic acid
1 % myristic acid
40% oleic acid
5 % linoleic acid
5 % linolenic acid
Olive
(Olea europaea)
7.5 % palmitic acid
0,5-5 % stearic
acid
0,1,5 % alpha linoleic acid
55-83 oleic acid
3,5-21 linoleic acid
Soybeans 10 % palmitic acid
4 % stearic acid
23 % oleic acid
51 % linoleic acid
7 % linolenic acid
Lard 2 % myristic acid
27 % palmitic acid
11 % stearik
44 % oleic acid
11 % linoleic acid
4 % palmitoleic acid
Coconut 48 % lauric acid
16 % myristic acid
9 % palmitic acid
2 % stearic acid
7 % oleic acid
2 % linoleic acid

13. Fatty acid in Indonesian diatoms
Nama
Umum
Nama
Siste-
matika
Struktur
Bi-langan
Lipida
Kehadiran Asam Lemak
Am-pho-ra
Sp. 1
Chae-toce-
ros sp. 1
Chae-
toce-ros
sp. 2
Me-lo-
sira
sp.1
Me-lo-
sira
sp. 2
Na-vi-
cula
sp. 1
Na-vi-
cula
sp. 2
Na-vi-
cula
sp. 3
Na-vi-
cula
sp. 4
Na-vi-
cula
sp. 5
Na-vi-
cula
sp. 6
Nitzsc
hia sp.
1
Nitzsc
hia sp.
2
Nitzsc
hia sp.
3
Nitzsc
hia sp.
4
Nitzschia
sp. 5
Skele-
tone-ma
sp. 1
Skele-
tone-ma
sp. 2
Skele-
tone-ma
sp. 3
Skele-
tone-ma
Sp. 4
Skele-
tone-ma
Sp. 5
Thal-
lasio-sira
sp. 1
Thal-lasi-
osira sp. 2
Thal-lasi-
osira sp. 3
Asam
lemak
jenuh
Nona-
noic acid
Pelar-
gonic
acid
CH3(CH2)7COOH C9 : 0 • • •
Tride-
canoic
acid
Tride-
cylic
acid
CH3(CH2)11COOH C13 : 0 • • •
Tetra-
deca-noic
acid
Myris-
tic acid
CH3(CH2)12COOH C14 : 0 • • • • •
Penta-
deca-noic
acid
Pen-
tade-
cylic
acid
CH3(CH2)13COOH C15 : 0 • • •
Hexa-
deca-noic
acid
Pal-mi-
tic acid
CH3(CH2)14COOH C16 : 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Hepta-
deca-noic
acid
Mar-
garic
acid
CH3(CH2)15COOH C17 : 0 •
Octa-
deca-noic
acid
Stea-ric
acid
CH3(CH2)16COOH C18 : 0 • • • •
Asam
lemak tak
jenuh
 – 7
Pal-
mito-
leic acid
9 C16 : 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
 – 3
 Lino-
leic acid
9,12,15 C18 : 3 • • • •
 – 3
Stea-
rido-nic
acid
6,9,12,15 C13 : 4 • •
 – 6
Lino-
leic acid
9,12, C18 : 2 • • • • • •
 – 9
Oleic
acid
9 C18 : 1 • • • • • •
 – 6
-Lino-
leic acid
6,9,12, C18 : 3 • • • • •
 – 6
Ara-chi-
donic
acid
5,8,11,14 C20 :4 • • • •
 – 3
Eico-sa-
pen-
tanoid
acid
5,8,11,14,17 C20 :4 • • • •
 – 3
Do-
cosa-
hexa-
enoic
acid
4,7,10,13,1619 C22 :6 • •
 – 9
Elai-dic
acid
9 C18 : 1 •
C22:6 •

14. Common
name Systematic name Structural Formula
Lipid
Numbe
rs
Fatty acid : total
lipid (%)
White
light
LEDs
Blue
light
LEDs
Saturated
fatty acid
Pelargonic
acid
Nonanoic acid CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
COOH C9 : 0 0.60 0.72
Tridecylic
acid
Tridecanoic acid CH
3
(CH
2
)
11
COOH C13 : 0 10.60 8.89
Myristic
acid
Tetradecanoic
acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
12
COOH C14 : 0 12.04 14.22
Pentadecylic
acid
Pentadecanoic
acid
CH3
(CH2
)13
COOH C15 : 0 0.38 0.61
Palmitic acid Hexadecanoic
acid
CH3
(CH2
)14
COOH C16 : 0 11.09 13.47
Margaric
acid
Heptadecanoic
acid
CH
3
(CH
2
)
15
COOH C17 : 0 6.75 6.41
Stearic acid Octadecanoic acid CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
COOH C18 : 0 1.26 -
Unsaturated
fatty acid
w - 7 Palmitoleic acid D
9
C16 : 1 1.58 22.90
w - 3 a Linoleic acid D
9,12,15
C18 : 3 1.09 0.97
w - 3 Stearidonic acid D
6,9,12,15
C13 : 4 2.35 -
w - 6 Linoleic acid D
9,12,
C18 : 2 2.35 2.10
w - 9 Oleic acid D
9
C18 : 1 2.41 0.51
w - 6 g-Linoleic acid D6,
9,12,
C18 : 3 0.94 1.34
w - 6 Arachidonic acid D
5,8,11,14
C20 :4 5.58 5.58
w - 3 Eicosapentanoid
acid
D
5,8,11,14,17
C20 :4 6.69 9.98
w - 3 Docosahexaenoic
acid
D
4,7,10,13,1619
C22 :6 - 1.83
w - 9 Elaidic acid D
9
C18 : 1 2.15 -
Nitzschia sp. from Karimun Jawa

15. Diatom could produce some of these metabolic compound
that can be developed in health industry
Compound Application
Myristic acid / Tetradecanoic acid It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and
cosmetics.
Palmitic acid / Hexadecanoic acid It is used in determination of water hardness Biological
Use/Importance: Active ingredient of *Levovist*TM, used in
echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging
Ultrasound contrast medium
α linolenic acid / omega-3 fatty acids synthesis of prostaglandin resulting in reduced inflammation
and prevention of certain chronic diseases.
Oleic acid / Cis-9-Octadecenoic acid Anti theraupetic
Gamma-Linolenic acid / omega-6 fatty acid • prevention of preeclampsia
• biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes.
• Food additives
Arachidonic acid / omega-6 fatty acid Anti inflamatory
Eicosapentanoic acid / omega-3 fatty acid • roviding resilience to traumatic brain injury
• a lower risk of mortality in stroke patients
• decrease inflammation
Docosahexaenoic acid / omega-3 fatty acid • Providing resilience to traumatic brain injury
• a lower risk of mortality in stroke patients
• decrease inflammation

16. Productivity comparison
Biomass for 1 L oil Oil price / L (usd)
Palm oil
(Elaeis gueneansis)
0.87
Olive
(Olea europaea)
4 – 8 kg 3.97
Soybeans 8 kg 14.46
Lard 2 kg 0.73
Coconut 2 kg 1.90
Diatom (microalgae) 1,2 – 5 kg ?

17. T h a n k y o u