Presented by Beni Okarda (Senior Research Officer, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.

1. Climate Change Adaptation
and Mitigation with
Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems
Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda
Beni Okarda, Sonya Dyah, Herry Purnomo & team
Sungsang Mangrove
Restoration and Ecotourism
(SMART):
A participatory action research for
community-based mangrove
restoration and business model
development

2. Contents
1)About SMART project
2)Main approach: PAR
3)Progress of project activities
4)Lesson learned

3. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
SMART
(Sungsang Mangrove Restoration and Ecotourism)
• A 5 years research project funded by the
Temasek Foundation, Singapore.
• In collaboration with University of Sriwijaya and
South Sumatra Watershed Forum for the
implementation.
• Main goal:
To develop and implement mangrove restoration
and community-based business model that is
locally accepted, ecologically feasible and deliver
benefit for local communities while contribute to
existing program and initiatives.

4. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Project location
• Sungsang, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra
• Why in Sungsang and Banyuasin?
• Half of remaining mangrove of South Sumatra is in
Banyuasin and existing mangrove outside national park
is mostly located in Sungsang area,
• Sungsang mangroves is still on threat (agriculture
expansion, infrastructure development) despite its slow
deforestation rate,
• Another key issue: poverty of coastal community

5. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Main approach: PAR (Participatory Action Research)
Purnomo dan Puspitaloka, 2020

6. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Project Activities
Work Package 1
Participatory Action Research
(mangrove restoration and
business model development)
Work Package 2
Local Policy
Work Package 3
National and international
platform
Work Package 4
Project management

7. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Key achievements in 2023
WP1 – PAR
(In partnership with Unsri)
WP2 - LOCAL POLICY
(In partnership with Fordas Sumsel)
WP3 – NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
PLATFORM
• ~15 ha of mangrove in four action arenas
has been planted. This comprises of
38,425 mangrove seedling and > 100 kg of
crab seed in silvofishery pond.
• Community-based mangrove monitoring
system has been developed and piloted
• Business models on mangrove nursery,
mangrove tree adoption, edu-ecotourism
and silvofishery of mangrove crab has been
developed and is currently
tested/implemented
• Policy workshops on sustainable mangrove
management at the village, district and
provincial level have been
organized/conducted
• Village regulation to manage mangrove
sustainably has been developed
• First workshop to initiate task force for
mangrove management at district (KKMD –
Kelompok Kerja Mangrove Daerah) has
been carried out
• Co-learning workshop at the national level
with community-based mangrove
management actors have been conducted.
Lessons learned will be published as a co-
learning book.
• Dissemination on an international scientific
conference and several national forums.

8. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Community-based
mangrove nursery
• Capacity more than >50,000 seedlings
produced and managed by community,
supervised by research team,
• Communities trained to produce,
maintain, handle and document the
seedlings in the nursery.
• 29,950 seedlings are now maintained in
the nursery from six different species
(K. candel, R. apiculata, R. mucronata,
B. gymnorhiza, A.alba, S. caseolaris)

9. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Action arena Action
Arena
Location Size Objective
Action arena for mangrove restoration
#1 Greenbelt Sungsang IV 1.70 ha Tree adoption and edu-ecotourism
#2
Pasir timbul Sungsang
IV
6.16 ha Tree adoption and edu-ecotourism
#3
Ex-coconut plantation
Sungsang IV
7.70 ha Rehabilitation
#4
Ex-coconut plantation
Marga Sungsang
5.80 ha Mangrove crab silvofishery
Action arena for mangrove protection
#5
Village forest Sungsang
IV
524 ha Mangrove protection
Action arena #6 in Sungsang I village is in preparation stage for
implementation. Community in Sungsang I Village (Teluk Macan) plan to do
planting with tree species in the river side for ~4km and MPTS planting in the
home garden of 237 households.

10. Planting in AA1
Planting in AA2
Planting in AA3
Planting in AA4
Nursery with capacity >50,000 seedlings
Aerial view of Sungsang IV nursery
REVEGETATION ACTIVITIES IN ACTION ARENA

11. AM : Avicennia marina
BG : Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
KC : Kandelia candel
RA : Rhizopora apiculata
RM : Rhizophora mucronata
RS : Rhizophora stylosa
SA : Sonneratia alba
SC : Sonneratia caseolaris
Bamboo-casing
Mesh-fence
Bamboo stake Four-stake bamboo
Lokasi Jenis 1st phase 2nd phase Total
AA1 BG 1,782 1,782
1.7 Ha RA 20 20
SA 1,093 1,093
SC 20 20
AA2 AM 80 80
0.08 Ha RS 80 80
SA 150 150
SC 40 40
AA3 BG 2,520 2,543 5,063
7.7 Ha KC 2,700 2,691 5,391
RA 3,060 2,574 5,634
RM 2,680 2,223 4,903
AA4 RM 351 351
5.8 KC 351 351
BG 3,549 3,549
RA 9,918 9,918
15.2 Ha 14,225 24,200 38,425
MANGROVE PLANTING PROGRESS

12. Monitoring methods:
Grid monitoring using CBRMS application. The monitoring employs with monthly census for survival rate and
sampling every three months for growth monitoring
AA-1 AA-2 AA-3 AA4
± 1.7 ha planted
41 grids monitoring
± 0.08 ha planted
(experimental)
2 grids monitoring
± 7.7 ha planted
177 grids monitoring
± 5.8 ha planted
122 grids monitoring

13. https://data.cifor.org/cbrms/sites/SS
Monitoring dashboard (CBRMS)
COMMUNITY-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM

14. Survival Rate
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Jun-23 Jul-23 Aug-23 Sep-23 Oct-23 Nov-23 Dec-23 Jan-24 Feb-24
Action Arena 3 - Phase 1
BG KC RA RM
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Dec-23 Jan-24 Feb-24
Action Arena 3 - Phase 2
BG KC RA RM
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Dec-23 Jan-24 Feb-24
Action Arena 4 - Phase 2
BG KC RA RM
BG : Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
KC : Kandelia candel
RA : Rhizopora apiculata
RM : Rhizopora mucronata

15. A. marina; 33,0
B. gymnorrhiza; 47,6
K. candel; 93,0
R. apiculata; 51,8
R. mucronata; 72,8
R. stylosa; 78,0
S. alba; 84,0
S. caseolaris; 61,7
0
20
40
60
80
100
Jul-23 Oct-23 Jan-24
Average
height
(cm)
A. marina B. gymnorrhiza K. candel R. apiculata R. mucronata R. stylosa S. alba S. caseolaris
*Average height from three action arenas
Species Growth Monitoring
Findings from CBRMS

16. As of April 2024
Kandelia candel Rhizopora apiculata
Rhizophora mucronata Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

17. Business Model Canvas (BMC)
for participative planning at villages
Business model canvas (BMC) is a tool to assist the process of creating,
capturing, and delivering value with a focus on economic aspects of business
model (Ostewalder and Pigneur, 2013 at Purnomo et al., 2023)

18. Sungsang
• Mangrove ecotourism in the action arena and in the whole
village of Sungsang as point of attraction
Village level
• Mangrove-based micro and small enterprise (MSE) and
fishery processing, especially the women and youth group
• Mangrove nursery (Sungsang IV).
Action arena
• Mangrove tree adoption (AA1, AA2)
• Silvofishery of mangrove crab (AA4)
COMMUNITY-BASED BUSINESS MODEL

19. AA-2
(Sand bank
island)
AA-1
Arboretum
and nursery
ACTION ARENA AS ATTRACTION FOR MANGROVE ECOTOURISM

20. More than 1,000 visitors in 2023
Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy visit to
Sungsang IV nursery
University student fieldtrip University student research
MANGROVE ECO-EDU-TOURISM

21. SUPPORT FOR SMALL AND MICRO COMMUNITY ENTREPRISES
• Support and capacity building
for marketing and business
management for mangrove-
based products by youth
(soap and candy/dodol),
shrimp cake (pempek),
shrimp paste (terasi)
• Linking with regional
development bank of South
Sumatra (Bank Sumsel Babel).

22. CRAB SILVOFISHERY (ACTION ARENA 4)
Feb-24 ± 100 gr. Apr-24 ± 210 gr.

23. LOCAL POLICY ENGAGEMENT
• Field visit with key stakeholders
at regency and province level,
• Local policy workshops,
• Facilitate the development of
village’s regulation (PERDES)
related to mangroves,
• Facilitation on establishment of
district task force for mangrove
(KKMD)

24. COLLABORATION WITH OTHER STAKEHOLDERS
Supporting mangrove seedling and collaborative planting with local stakeholders, participation in local event organized by
district/province government, close coordination with Forest Agency at South Sumatra Province and Bank Sumsel Babel (regional
development bank), and support community to seek potential and develop collaboration with private sectors e.g., PT Pertamina,
PT Hutama Karya Infrastruktur.

25. KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES
Knowledge sharing with local and national academicians/students,
national and international stakeholders (e.g., online co-learning
workshops with >40 CBMR practitioners in Indonesia, guest lecture in
UNSRI, training civil servants from Bappenas Indonesia, visit from
Bangladesh civil servants, meeting with the Tropical Landscapes Grant
Fund), participation in Blue Carbon Dialogue, etc.

26. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Key lesson learned to date
At community level:
• PAR approach contributes to improved capacity and behavior change of the involved community,
• In mangrove restoration, community need technical support especially in developing best practices
and monitoring system as in general community has initial knowledge about mangrove management
and restoration,
• By developing business model, it can develop sense of belonging community to the mangrove
management and restoration activities, as well as provide direct benefit e.g., alternative income
Beyond community level:
• PAR approach helps in promoting evidence-based decision making for local/national policy
engagement.

27. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Challenges and opportunities
Challenges:
• Maintaining community’s social capital to implement the business model
• Provides continue direct benefit from restoration project
• Natural factors influencing the mangrove restoration
Opportunities:
• Strong will from local leaders and communities
• Momentum of global and national policy on mangrove restoration, blue carbon, carbon trade etc
• Stakeholder interests to participate in mangrove restoration at Sungsang, e.g. PT Hutama Karya
Infrastruktur
• Community’s knowledges on mangrove planting are being utilized to participate in planting in
another private sector-funded and government restoration activities (e.g., Pertamina, MoEF)

28. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Closing
• For community-based mangrove restoration, PAR approach is useful to bridging science-policy-
practice interface.
• Science can support in recommending appropriate technique and best practices that is locally
acceptable and feasible for mangrove restoration and monitoring as well as mangrove management.
• Business model development is key for sustainability of the capacity building and community
empowerment.
• Evidence on the ground is important for promoting evidence-based decision-making process in
science-policy interface.

29. CIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR-ICRAF harnesses the power of trees, forests and agroforestry landscapes
to address the most pressing global challenges of our time - biodiversity loss,
climate change, food security, livelihoods and inequity.