All you need to know about fatty acids mainly saturated and unsaturated FA

1. SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
SUBJECT – FOOD CHEMISTRY [RDFT04]
SUBMITTED TO – Ms. POORTI MOHINDROO
SUBMITTED BY- SEJAL ARORA
ENROLLMENT NO – 12200700002008
M.Sc. FOOD TECHNOLOGY 1st year
Fatty Acids Foods - Bing images

2. WHATARE FATTYACIDS ?
• A fatty acid, important component of lipids (fat-soluble
components of living cells) in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Generally, a fatty acid consists of a straight chain of an even number
of carbon atoms, with hydrogen atoms along the length of the chain
and at one end of the chain and a carboxyl group (―COOH) at the
other end. It is that carboxyl group that makes it an acid (carboxylic
acid).[1]
Fatty Acids Foods - Bing images
https://auntpearliesue.com
/health/fatty-acids.html

3. Classification of fatty acids on basis of degree of
saturation
Difference Between Saturated and
Unsaturated Fatty Acids – Bio Differences

4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SATURATEDAND UNSATURATED FATTYACIDS[2]
Basis of comparison Saturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids
Double bonds Saturated fatty acids do not have any
carbon-carbon double bonds.
Unsaturated fatty acids might
have one or more carbon-
carbon double bonds
Hydrogen atoms Saturated fatty acids have carbon
atoms with maximum possible
hydrogen atoms bound to them
Unsaturated fatty acids do not
have maximum possible
hydrogen atoms bound to the
carbon atoms
Hydrocarbon chain Linear and unbranched. Bent and branched.
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is not possible in
saturated fatty acids as no more
hydrogen atoms can be added to the
hydrocarbon chain.
Hydrogenation is possible in
unsaturated fatty acids as the
double bonds can be converted
to single bonds.
Configuration
Trans and cis configuration are not
possible
They might exist in either cis
or trans configuration.
Melting point Higher melting point. Lower melting point.
State at room temperature Solid-state Liquid state

5. Basis of comparison Saturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids
Rancidity Low rancidity. Higher rancidity.
Shelf life Higher shelf life Lesser shelf life
Low-density Lipid (LDL) levels
Increase LDL cholesterol levels in
the body.
Decrease LDL cholesterol levels in
the body.
Solubility in vitamins
Soluble Insoluble
Sources
Mostly found in animal fats like
butter, meat, and whole milk
Mostly found via plant sources
like vegetable oil, sunflower oil,
mustard oil, avocado oil, canola
oil, fishetc.
[3]

6. EXAMPLES OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS [4]
2 Common saturated fatty acids in food fats and oils | Download Table (researchgate.net)

7. NAME CARBON SOURCES
Palmitoelic acid 16:1(n-7) Macadamia oil , sea
buckthorn oil , liver
Oelic acid 18:1(n-9) Pecan oil, canola oil, peanut
oil, macadamia oil
Linoleic acid 18:2 (n-9,12) Safflower oil, sunflower oil,
wheat germ oil
Arachidonic acid 20:4(w-6) Phospholipids of cell
membrane
Eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5(w-3) Fish oil, cod liver oil ,
seaweed
Docosahexaenoic acid 22:6 (w-3) Sea fish ,
Crythecodiniumcohnii
Linolenic acid 18:3 Chia seed, flax (linseed oil),
soyabean
EXAMPLES OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS [4]

8. TYPES OF UNSATURATED FATTYACIDS [5]
MONO-UNSATURATED FATTY
ACIDS(MUFA)
• Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs),
are unsaturated fatty acids that contain
one (mono) double bonded carbon atom
in the fatty acid chain.
• MUFAs are missing with one pair of
hydrogen atoms from the fatty acid
chain.
• MUFA increases the production of good
cholesterol.
• MUFAs are found in food sources such
as vegetable oils, olive oils, peanuts,
avocado, seeds, sesame, sunflower etc.
• Oleic acid is an example for MUFA.
POLY-UNSATURATED FATTY
ACIDS(PUFA)
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are
a type of unsaturated fatty acids that
contain two or more double bonded
carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain.
• Two or more hydrogen pairs are missing
from the chain of PUFA.
• These fats lower the production of good
cholesterol.
• PUFAs are found in soybean oil, corn oil,
safflower oil, salmon, trout, sunflower
seeds, fish, meat, etc.
• Omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty
acids are examples of PUFA.
Double
bonds
Hydrogen
HDL
Sources
Examples

9. HYDROGENATION[6]
• Conversion of unsaturated fatty acids into satursted fatty acids in the
presence of catalyst( Ni, Pd, Pt)

10. BETA-OXIDATION OF SATURATED FATTY ACID [7]
18.3: The Catabolism of Fats -
Chemistry LibreTexts
3 STAGES
1. Activation of fatty acids
2. Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria
3. β-oxidation proper in mitochondrial matrix

11. BETA OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS( MUFA)- OELIC ACID [7]
beta oxidation of UNsaturated fatty acid - Bing images

12. BETA OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS( PUFA)-
LINOLEIC ACID [7]
Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acid (microbenotes.com)

13. FUNCTIONS OF FATTY ACIDS [8]
A. Energy supply and storage material:
1. Fatty acids are used to produce neutral storage lipids like triglycerols (TAG), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA),
and wax esters.
2. Omega 3 PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) is required for normal growth and functioning of the brain and
retina.
3. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) acts as a neurotrophic moderator, modulates synaptic activity, involved in anti-
inflammatory signaling.
B. Biomarkers of organism:
1. A certain fatty acid is specific to a member of a taxon of a bacterium as well as a eukaryotic cell,
additionally, fatty acids have structural diversity.
2. Hence the presence of certain fatty acids and their ratio is a good biomarker.
3. Prokaryotes can be identified by their fatty acid fingerprint.
4. The fatty acid markers are used to track energy fluxes in food webs.
C. Fatty acid as a modulator of membrane properties:
1. Prokaryotes, like bacteria, alter the fatty acid composition to maintain membrane fluidity in response
to temperature changes.
2. The eukaryotic cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, which controls the transport of
molecules to and for, regulates cellular communications, and protects the cell from the surrounding
environment.
https://knowledgeburrow.com/what-is-the-function-of-saturated-and-unsaturated-fats

14. REFERENCES
1. Fatty acids.
https://www.britannica.com/science/fatty-acid
Acessed on 14 december 2022 7:30 IST
2.Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids
Author-Anupama Sapkota, January 4, 2022
Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids- (microbenotes.com)
Accessed on 14 December,7:45 pm IST
3. Fatty Acids: Chemistry, Synthesis, and Applications
Author: Moghis U. Ahmad
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318867290_Fatty_Acids_Chemistry_Synthesis_and_Applications_Ed
ited_by_Mogh
is_U_Ahmad,
Acessed on 14 December , 8:00 pm IST
4.Foods facts and principles ; Author: N.Shakuntala Manay , M Shadsharaswamy ,
Topic Covered : Lipids
5. Polley, K., Miller, M., Johnson, M., Vaughan, R., Paton, C., & Cooper, J. (2018). Metabolic responses to high-
fat diets rich in MUFA v. PUFA. British Journal of Nutrition, 120(1), 13-22. doi:10.1017/S0007114518001332 ,
Accessed on – 14 December 2022 8:30pm IST
6. A.J. Dijkstra, G. van Duijn,Vegetable Oils: Oil Production and Processing,Editor(s): Benjamin Caballero,
Paul M. Finglas, Fidel Toldrá,Encyclopedia of Food and Health,AcademicPress,2016,Pages 373-380,ISBN
9780123849533,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00708

15. 7. Principles of Biochemistry , Albert L. Lehninger ,
Accessed on – 14 December 2022 9:30pm IST
8. 1. Dhaka et al. (2011). Trans fats—sources, health risks, and alternative approach – A
review. J Food Sci Technol, 48(5),534–541.
2. Carla et al. (2018). The Various Roles of Fatty Acids. Molecules. 23, 2583.
.