Presented by Bora Lee (Warm-Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, NIFoS Jeju, Republic of Korea) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.

1. Climate Change Adaptation
and Mitigation with
Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems
Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda
Bora Lee

2. Climate Change Adaptation
and Mitigation with
Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems
Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda
Bora Lee
Cooperative Mangrove Project:
Introduction, Scope, and
Perspectives

3. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Introduction
•What is a Mangrove Forest?

4. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Global
- Bilateral : 9 projects in 7 countries, 5.5M USD
- Multi-bilateral : 11 international organizations, 11M USD
Achieving Paris
Agreement
“Coastal and marine
ecosystems as nature-based
solutions in new or updated
nationally determined
contributions (NDCs)”
Korea Forest Service’s projects for
Expanding international forest
cooperation for climate change
response and carbon
neutrality goal
Net Zero by 2050
• Limiting global warming to 1.5°C – as called for in the Paris Agreement
• Global carbon dioxide emissions need to be reduced by 45% by 2030 and
reach net zero by 2050
IPCC admitted Blue Carbon as carbon fluxes and
storage in Coastal & Marine Ecosystems
• Rooted vegetation in the coastal zone, such as tidal marshes, mangroves
and seagrasses
S. Korea
Introduction - WHY mangroves?
Northward Movement of Subtropical Vegetation
• Potential for northward expansion of native semi-mangroves

5. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
• Mangroves are distributed world-wide in all
continents with tropical and subtropical coasts
(cosmopolitan species)
Hibiscus hamabo 황근
Paliurus ramosissimus 갯대추
Vitex rotundifolia L. f.
순비기나무
Introduction
“(Semi-) Mangroves are already growing in
South Korea!”
The greatest mangrove species diversity exists in
South-East Asia

6. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Introduction
• Cooperative Research Work
➢NIFoS and CIFOR have a mutual interest in promoting research in
relation to the Evaluation of mangroves’ carbon sink capacity and
Expecting that it could spread widely
➢NIFoS and CIFOR have agreed to conduct a research project
entitled Evaluation of mangrove carbon sink capacity and research
promising species for high-capacity carbon capture

7. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR

8. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Scope
• The application of
natural science
research to improve
and utilize ecosystem
services/policy
effectively
Ecosystem
Services
from
Mangroves
Biodiversity
Livelihood
opportunities
for local
communities
Carbon
capture
and storage
Protect
coastal
area
Adapting
global warming
Nature-based
solutions
A Link between Research and Application
(Policy, Management, Economics…)

9. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
AGB
Below Ground
Above Ground
Allometric equation from
similar species
BGB
CO2, CH4 gas sampling chamber
GHG
Photosynthesis (GPP, NPP, R)
Li-COR 6800
Allometric equation from
similar species
Remote sensing approach
Gross Primary
Production (CO2 fixed)
Ecosystem Respiration
(CO2, CH4 released)
Litter-trap
Litterfall
Carbon
Dynamics
Air temperature, relative humidity, soil water
content, radiation, soil temperature, salinity etc.
Environmental Factors
Horizontal, vertical, round/group,
individual type, Wet, moist, dry
Growth type
Stock Fluxes

10. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Research Scheme
Atmosphere, Climate
Topography
Field Survey
Functions of
Ecosystem Service
Local scale Carbon
Balance
Process-based / AI
algorithms Spatial
Simulation Model
Carbon Storage
and Fluxes
* Gross Primary Production (GPP), Ecosystem
Respiration (Reco), Net Ecosystem CO2 (NEE)…..
Seasonal Change in Biomass
Input data – Radiation,
Temperature, Humidity and
Topographic information
Prediction
Calibration and Validation
Image data – GIS,
Remote sensing, etc.
Climate scenario
Photosynthesis rate
(LI-COR 6800)
Monitoring
Monitoring Phenology
Litter Production
Measurement of Gas
Exchange by Tree/Soil
Gas collecting
chamber
Country/Global
Carbon Storage and
Fluxes

11. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Our Achievements: Mangrove Project Update 2022-Present
2022
• Project start
• Research
Agreement
between NIFos
Jeju-CIFOR (Sep.)
2023
• Pilot study in Bali
• Semi-mangrove
study in Jeju
• 1st and 2nd
international
symposium
• RA Vietnam
2024
• Carbon fluxes
measurement in
Bali
• 3rd international
symposium in
Bogor

12. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
2024 in
Bali
landward (3 sites)
middleward (5 sites)
seaward (3 sites)
PM2
PM2M
SK1M
#29
SK1
PC3
NDM1
SM4
SH2
JH4
NDH1

13. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
2024 in
Bali

14. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
2024 in Bali

15. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosyst ems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
— particularly on Jeju Island, w
and range expanding incremen
adaptable to both intertidal zon
lack the typical mangrove traits
seed germination. Despite this,
for carbon absorption and clima
A recent predictive study demo
expansion of the distribution of
Asia, including the possible est
in Korea, owing to climate chan
Beyond green carbon: 3rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Perspective Ecological
Climatological
Conservation
Social
Economic
affects biodiversity and ecological functions
contributes to climate change and
alters local climates
strategies to mitigate deforestation and restoration
Considers the effects on local
communities and indigenous populations
economic impact on local
economies.

16. CIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR-ICRAF harnesses the power of trees, forests and agroforestry landscapes
to address the most pressing global challenges of our time - biodiversity loss,
climate change, food security, livelihoods and inequity.