Materi kuliah tentang evaluasi lipid.

1. Laboratorium Nutrisi Pangan dan Hasil Pertanian
Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan
Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian
FTP - UB
2015
Food and Nutrition Evaluation
LIPIDS

2. Lipid
• structural component of all living cell
• Integral to membranes, gives form to a
cellular components
Major classes
• Acylglycerides, energy source and storage
• Complex lipid : Phospholipids, Lipoprotein,
Glikolipids, Aminolipids (active cellular lipids,
transport)
• Lipid derivat : Fatty acids, sterols, hormone and
bile acids, eicosanoids (essential metabolite)

3. • Sources of energy (9 kcal/g)
• Increase palatability
Other functions include:
1. provide means whereby fat-soluble
nutrients (e.g., sterols, vitamins) can be
absorbed by the body
2. structural element of cell, sub
cellular components
3. components of hormones and precursors
for eicosanoids synthesis

4. Visible Lipid
• Clearly seems in food system
• Ex : Oil, lard, butter, margarine
Invisible Lipid
• Not clearly seems in food systems
• Be emulsified, homogenated or be a
apart
• Ex : egg yolk, coconut milk, peanut

7. • Hydrocarbon chains of from 2 to 20 and
more carbons with a carboxyl at one end
• 4-6 carbon, short chain
• 8-12 carbon, medium chain
• 14-18 carbon, long chain
• >20 carbon, very long chain, individual
names

8. Symbol Systematic name Common name Sources
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)
C6:0 n-hexanoic caproic Milk fat
C8:0 n-octanoic caprylic Milk fat, coconut
C10:0 n-decanoic capric Milk fat, coconut
C12:0 n-dodecanoic lauric Coconut, palm
C14:0 n-tetradecanoic myristic Milk fat, coconut
C16:0 n-hexadecanoic palmitic Most SFA in plant
and animal
C18:0 n-octadecanoic stearic Animal fat, cocoa
butter
C20:0 n-eicosanoic arachidic Widespread minor
C22:0 n-docosanoic behenic Minor in seeds
C24:0 n-tetracosanoic lignoseric Minor in seeds

9. Symbol Systematic name Common name Sources
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
C16:1 cis-9-hexadecanoic palmitoleic Most fat and oil
C18:1 cis-9-octadecanoic oleic Most fat and oil
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
C18:2 n-6 cis-6,9-octadecadienoic linolenic Most plant oils
C18:3 n-6 all-cis-6,9,12-
octadecatrieno
at
γ-linolenic Primrose,
borage
oil
C18:3 n-3 all-cis-9,12,15-
octadecatrienoic
α-linolenic Soybean, canola
oils
C20:4 n-6 all-cis-8,11,14-
eicosatetraenoic
arachidonic meat
C20:5 n-3 all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-
eicosapentaenoic
EPA Fish oil
C22:6 n-3 all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-
docosahexaenoic
DHA Fish oil

13. Lipid
Digestion
Gastric
• Gastric lipase
• Triacylglycerol -> 3
fatty acid + glycerol
• Lipid digestion limited
to SCFA
• Not efficient
Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only.

14. Lipid
Digestion
Small Intestine (duodenum)
• Lipid emulsified : bile salt
• Small droplet and lipid globule,
increase surface area, high
digestibility
• Pancreatic lipase
• 40-50% FA + glycerol, and
monoglycerides, 10%
diglycerides, triglicerides
Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only.

15. Lipid
Absorption
Small Intestine (Ileum)
• Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and
monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form
micelles
• Micelles absorb by mucosa cell
• Resynthesize triglycerides in cell
endoplasmic reticulum
• Some SCFA and MUFA – direct absorb to
blood circulation

16. Lipid
Transport
Small Intestine (Ileum)
• Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and
monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form
micelles
• Micelles absorb by mucosa cell
• Resynthesize triglycerides (TG) in
endoplasmic reticulum of enterocyte
(epithelial cell of ileum)
• Triglycerides + lipoprotein + phospolipid -
> chylomicron -> lymphatic circulation ->
blood circulation -> liver and adipose

21. Lipid
Metabolism
Liver and Miosit Tissue
• Chylomicron breakdown (lipoprotein
lipase), TG + cholesterol is transported
into adipose tissue or miosit tissue
(muscle)
• Beta oxidation of fatty acid in
miosit (mitochondrion) -> energy

22. Lipid
Deposit
• Fatty acid is
transported into
adipose tissue (by
VLDL form)
• TG from adipose
tissue could
transported into
miosit and oxidized
into energy

23. Next..?
Write short review, handwritten, max 1
page (A4 letter), choose 1 topic only
:
• Trans FA metabolism
• Health aspect of Omega-3 FA
• Cholesterol metabolism
• Eicosanoids metabolism

24. Trans Fatty Acid
• Unsaturated fatty acids with at least one
double bond in the trans configuration
• Are formed during the partial
hydrogenation of vegetable oils
• Food industry: long shelf life, their
stability during deep-frying, and their
semi solidity, which can be customized
to enhance the palatability of baked
goods and sweets

25. Trans Fatty Acid

26. Trans Fatty Acid
• Naturally occurring trans fats are
consumed in smaller amounts
(about
0.5 percent of total energy intake)
in meats and dairy products from
cows, sheep, and other
ruminants
• Consumption of trans fatty acids
increases the risk of coronary
heart disease (CHD).

27. Trans Fatty
Acid

32. Fatty Acid
Metabolism
• MUFA intake from food and
enzymatically synthesis from
SFA (9- desaturase enzyme)
• C16:0  C16:1, C18:0  C18:1
• PUFA (linoleat and linolenat)
are essential FA
• ω3 are synthesized from linolenic
acid, but ω6 form linoleic acid
• Oleic acid  C20:3 ω9
(essential FA deficiency)

34. Fatty Acid
Metabolism
• Delta 6 desaturase: limiting
enzyme (preferred substrate :
linoleic)
• Linoleic abundant in food >
linolenic
• EPA and DHA : slowly
shynthesized (increased from
food intake)

35. Omega-3 FA vs
CVD
• decrease risk for arrhythmias, which
can lead to sudden cardiac death.
• decrease risk for thrombosis, which
can lead to heart attack and stroke.
• decrease triglyceride and
remnant lipoprotein levels.
• decrease rate of growth of
the atherosclerotic plaque.
• improve endothelial function.
• (slightly) lower blood pressure.
• reduce inflammatory responses

36. Cholesterol
Synthesize

37. Cholesterol
Regulation

39. Eicosanoi
ds
• Hormone likes compound
• Short half-life
• C20 FA : precursors of eicosanoids
synthesize (ALA, Arachidonic acid,
EPA)
• Prostaglandin, tromboxan,
prostacyclin, leukotriena,
lipoxin

43. Eicosanoi
ds
ω6 eicosanoids
• TXA2 : platelet pro
agregation,
vasoconstriction
• PGI2 : capillary vasoconstriction
• LTB4 : inflamation mediator
ω3 eicosanoids
• TXA3 : platelet pro agregation
(weak)

44. Evaluation of Lipid
• Invitro
rancidity test (peroxides, FFA, TBA test), iod test,
cholesterol content, lipid-trans, fatty acid profile
• Invivo
(hypocholesterolemia, hypotrigliseridemia effect)
blood lipid profile, level of cholesterol, TG, HDL
and LDL level, foam cell analysis, Intima Media
Thickness Level, etc