The document provides information about the liver and Hepatitis C virus. It discusses the anatomy and function of the liver, as well as the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Hepatitis C. Regarding Hepatitis C specifically, it notes that there are over 150 million chronic cases globally, it is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids, and while there is no vaccine, many new highly effective drug regimens have been developed to cure over 95% of cases. The document provides a comprehensive overview of Hepatitis C for medical students and healthcare professionals.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV): the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness.
Hepatitis C continues to infect individuals in Saskatchewan. While Hep-C may be treatable, untreated Hep-C is a significant health threat. Transmission routes include shared drug equipment, dry blood contact, exposure during vacations, tattoos or piercing, and exposure through personal items such as razors and toothbrushes.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV): the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness.
Hepatitis C continues to infect individuals in Saskatchewan. While Hep-C may be treatable, untreated Hep-C is a significant health threat. Transmission routes include shared drug equipment, dry blood contact, exposure during vacations, tattoos or piercing, and exposure through personal items such as razors and toothbrushes.
all information about
it include :-
1- DEFINITION
2- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
3- MECHANISM
4- RISK FACTOR
5- COMPLICATIONS
6- PRECAUTION
7- PREVENTION
8- EPIDEMIOLOGY
9- TREATMENT
and finally video about the mechanism of action
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world hepatitis day awareness presentation july 2022.pptxanjalatchi
World Hepatitis Day (WHD) is recognized annually on July 28th, the birthday of Dr. Baruch Blumberg (1925–2011). Dr. Blumberg discovered the hepatitis B virus in 1967, and 2 years later he developed the first hepatitis B vaccine
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
1. Liver
Hepatitis C virus
BY
Section : 3 Sup : Dr / Naiera
Mohamed Ahmed Abada
Mohamed Salem Zayed
Mohamed Mohamed El-
Esawy
Mohamed Salah El-Hagr
Mohamed Ahmed
Mogahed
Mohamed Ahmed Ghed
Mohamed Mahmoud
Kandeel
Mahmoud Refaey Shrief
3. - The liver is the second largest
organ in the human body and
the largest gland.
- It lies under the diaphragm in
the right upper quadrant and
extends to the left upper
quadrant of the abdomen.
- The liver has the general
shape of a prism or wedge ,
with its base to the right and its
apex to the left.
- It is pinkish brown in color,
with a soft consistency, and is
highly vascular and easily
friable.
what you need to know about the liver ?
general anatomy
4. Segmental liver anatomy
The liver is functionally divided into:
1.First order division; Right & Left Hemiliver.
2.Second-order division based on bile ducts and hepatic artery;
4 segments.
3.Third-order division; 8 segments.
what you need to know about the liver ?
6. Microscopic anatomy of the liver and hepatic circulation
There is a couple of terms that we need to be acquainted with:
1.Classic (simple) hepatic lobule.
2.Hepatic Acinus –with its 3 zones-.
3.Portal Tract (Canal) (Triad).
what you need to know about the liver ?
10. What is Hepatitis ?
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver .
Inflammation is the painful , red swelling that results
when tissues of body become injured or infected .
Inflammation can cause organs to not work properly.
11. Types of hepatitis
Hepatitis A: The hepatitis A virus is transmitted when fecal matter containing the
virus is ingested, most commonly through food. Infections with hepatitis A are
self-limited and never result in chronic infection or serious liver damage. A 2-shot
series vaccine is available (recommended for international travel) and can
provide life-long immunity
Hepatitis B: The hepatitis B virus is transmitted through blood and sexual fluids.
Unprotected sexual contact, injection drug use, and mother-to-child are the most
common routes of infection. Chronic infection is possible, and a high risk for
unimmunized infants and young children exposed to the virus. A 3-shot series
vaccine is available (required in most states for children in school) and can
provide life-long immunity
12. Hepatitis D: The hepatitis D virus (also known as “delta
hepatitis”) is transmitted through blood, but can only infect
someone when the hepatitis B virus is also present. Hepatitis D
is uncommon in the United States, and there is no vaccine
Hepatitis E: Like hepatitis A, the hepatitis E virus is transmitted
through the ingestion of fecal matter, most commonly in
contaminated water in countries with poor sanitation. Hepatitis
E is rare in the United States, but common in other parts of the
world. There currently is no vaccine
Types of hepatitis
14. History & Statics
It is impossible to really know the origins of HCV since
there are no stored blood samples to test for the virus that
are older than 50 years.
However, given the nature of the evolution of all viruses,
hepatitis C has probably been around for hundreds of
thousands of years or more before evolving into the current
strains.
It was identified as a disease in 1989.
15. 130-150 million people globally have chronic hepatitis C infection.
About 3 to 4 millions are infected every year
About 350,000 die every year
Hepatitis C is found worldwide .
The most affected region are Africa , Central and East Asia .
The country with the most prevalence of hepatitis C is Egypt with
about 15 million people infected (22% of population)
History & Statics
17. Causes
The hepatitis C virus is a bloodborne virus. It is most commonly transmitted through:
injecting drug use through the sharing of injection equipment;
in health care settings due to the reuse or inadequate sterilization of medical
equipment, especially syringes and needles;
the transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products;
HCV can also be transmitted sexually and can be passed from an infected mother
to her baby; however these modes of transmission are much less common.
Hepatitis C is not spread through breast milk, food or water or by casual contact
such as hugging, kissing and sharing food or drinks with an infected person.
19. Prevention
Primary prevention
There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, therefore prevention of HCV infection depends upon
reducing the risk of exposure to the virus in health-care settings, in higher risk
populations, for example, people who inject drugs, and through sexual contact.
The following list provides a limited example of primary
prevention interventions recommended by WHO:
hand hygiene: including surgical hand preparation, hand washing and use of gloves;
safe handling and disposal of sharps and waste;
provision of comprehensive harm-reduction services to people who inject drugs
including sterile injecting equipment;
testing of donated blood for hepatitis B and C (as well as HIV and syphilis);
training of health personnel;
promotion of correct and consistent use of condoms.
20. Prevention
Secondary and tertiary prevention
For people infected with the hepatitis C virus, WHO recommends:
education and counselling on options for care and treatment;
immunization with the hepatitis A and B vaccines to prevent
coinfection from these hepatitis viruses to protect their liver;
early and appropriate medical management including antiviral
therapy if appropriate; and
regular monitoring for early diagnosis of chronic liver disease.
21. Concequences
During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms. Occasionally
a fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin occurs.
The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85% of those initially infected.
Early on chronic infection typically has no symptoms. Over many years however,
it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis.
In some cases, those with cirrhosis will develop complications such as liver
failure, liver cancer, or esophageal and gastric varices .
24. Symptoms
The incubation period for hepatitis C is 2 weeks to 6
months.
Following initial infection, approximately 80% of people
do not exhibit any symptoms.
Those who are acutely symptomatic may exhibit fever,
fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, dark urine, grey-coloured faeces, joint
pain and jaundice (yellowing of skin and the whites of
the eyes).
27. Analysis
HCV infection is diagnosed in 2 steps:
1- Screening for anti-HCV antibodies with a serological test identifies people who have
been infected with the virus.
2- If the test is positive for anti-HCV antibodies, a nucleic acid test for HCV RNA (PCR) is
needed to confirm chronic HCV infection because about 15–45% of people infected with
HCV spontaneously clear the infection by a strong immune response without the need for
treatment. Although no longer infected, they will still test positive for anti-HCV antibodies.
After a person has been diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C infection, they should have an
assessment of the degree of liver damage (fibrosis and cirrhosis). This can be done by
liver biopsy or through a variety of non-invasive tests.
In addition, these people should have a laboratory test to identify the genotype of the
hepatitis C strain.
29. Behaving with infected people
We behave normally with hepatitis C infected people
Because :
Hepatitis C is not spread through breast milk, food or
water or by casual contact such as hugging, kissing and
sharing food or drinks with an infected person.
But we have just to take care of their personal tools as
(the scissors , nail clipper & Toothbrush ) and their blood
.
30. vaccine
A vaccine capable of protecting against hepatitis C,
is not available. Although vaccines exist for hepatitis
A and hepatitis B, development of a hepatitis C
vaccine has presented challenges.No vaccine is
currently available, but several vaccines are
currently under development.
Most vaccines work through inducing an antibody
response that targets the outer surfaces of viruses.
However the Hepatitis C virus is highly variable
among strains and fast mutated, making an effective
vaccine very difficult
34. Treatments
• Normal Interferon (Has many side effects ) .
• Cure ratio: about 9% in genotype 1&4 , and about 30% in genotype 2&3
• Normal Interferon with Ribavrin Short acting
• Cure ratio: about 29% in genotype 1&4 and about 32% in genotype 2&3.
• PEG-interferon alpha + Ribavirin Long acting
• Cure ratio: about 41% in genotype 1&4 , and about 75% in genotype 2 ,
3 , 5 & 6.
35. Treatments
• Telaprevir or Boceprevir ( Act on Protease ) with Interferon .
• Cure ratio: Tellabrevir 79% & Bocypriver 66% in genotype 1 .
• Simeprevir “Olysio” (Protease) with PEG-interferon alpha & Ribavirin .
• Cure ratio: 80% in genotype 1 & 4
• Sofosbuvir “Sovaldi” (polymerase)
• Cure ratio: 90% in genotype 1 but 30% relapsed in genotype 4 .
37. Treatments
• Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir (Known in Egypt > Qurevo)
• Cure ratio: 100% success (not used for patients with
cirrhosis or liver function failure rate higher than the
medium)
• Daclatasvir“Daklinza”(Need Ribavrin in presence of
cirrhosis )
• Cure ratio: exceeded 97%.
2016 •Zepatier
40. Management
Hepatitis C is Manageable! If you are HCV+, you can take
steps to prevent or slow liver damage!!
Lifestyle
NO alcohol or smoking
Discuss ANY medications with your healthcare
provider
Diet
Reduce your intake of salt, fat and iron
Increase your intake of fresh fruits and
vegetables and your water consumption
Hepatitis A and B vaccinations
