SINOM GROUP CO., LTD. is one of the largest manufacturer of copper mould tube in China. Based on customers requirement, we design, manufacture and install the square copper mould tube, round copper mould tube, beam blank, rectangular copper mould tube, diamond type, non-standard type etc.
SINOM GROUP CO., LTD. is one of the largest manufacturer of copper mould tube in China. Based on customers requirement, we design, manufacture and install the square copper mould tube, round copper mould tube, beam blank, rectangular copper mould tube, diamond type, non-standard type etc.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Basic metallurgy for welding & fabricaton professionalsPuneet Sharma
Eurotech Organizing 2 days "Metallurgy" Course is very beneficial for Welding and Fabrication professionals as it would results in increasing your efficiency. The course objectives are: metals and their properties, to check material test certificate, heat treatment process, Destructive testing, Stainless steel and types, and many more.
It will definitely increase your learning and your work efficiency and boost your career in welding
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require further information Metallurgy" Course
Best Regards,
Puneet Sharma
Email: (aws.cwi.training@gmail.com)
Mobile no. 08196980555
Welding of High Strength low Alloy (HSLA) Steelssankar n
Introduction
Physical Metallurgy of HSLA Steel
Welding Metallurgy of HSLA Steel
Problems Encountered In HSLA Steel Welding
Solution For The Problem
Conclusion.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
Basic metallurgy for welding & fabricaton professionalsPuneet Sharma
Eurotech Organizing 2 days "Metallurgy" Course is very beneficial for Welding and Fabrication professionals as it would results in increasing your efficiency. The course objectives are: metals and their properties, to check material test certificate, heat treatment process, Destructive testing, Stainless steel and types, and many more.
It will definitely increase your learning and your work efficiency and boost your career in welding
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require further information Metallurgy" Course
Best Regards,
Puneet Sharma
Email: (aws.cwi.training@gmail.com)
Mobile no. 08196980555
Welding of High Strength low Alloy (HSLA) Steelssankar n
Introduction
Physical Metallurgy of HSLA Steel
Welding Metallurgy of HSLA Steel
Problems Encountered In HSLA Steel Welding
Solution For The Problem
Conclusion.
heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals for the purpose of altering their properties.
it is used in manufacturing providing simple and low cost means of obtaining desired properties
Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Heat-Treatment
Heat treatment is a method used to alter the
physical, and sometimes chemical properties of a
material. The most common application is
metallurgical
It involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to
extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result
such as hardening or softening of a material
It applies only to processes where the heating and
cooling are done for the specific purpose of
altering properties intentionally
Generally, heat treatment uses phase
transformation during heating and cooling to
change a microstructure in a solid state.
3.
4. Types of Heat-Treatment (Steel)
Annealing
Tempering, and Quenching
Precipitation hardening
Case hardening
5. Annealing
A heat treatment process in which a metal is exposed to an
elevated temperature for an extended time period and
then slowly cooled.
Purpose:
1.Relieve stresses of cold working
2.Increase softness, ductility and toughness
3.Produce specific microstructure
6. Annealing
α+Fe3C
T
Three Stages of Annealing
1. Heating to a desired temperature
2. Holding or soaking at that temperature
3. Cooling usually to room temperature
Note: Time in above procedures is important
- During heating and cooling temp gradients exit b/w inside and
outside portions of part. If rate of temp change is tool high,
temp gradients will induce internal stress in part and hence
cracking
2
Time
Time
α+Fe3C
T
1 3
11. 1. Stress-Relief
Annealing
It is an annealing process
below the transformation
temperature A1, with
subsequent slow cooling, the
aim of which is to reduce the
internal residual stresses in
a workpiece without
intentionally changing its
structure and mechanical
properties
12. For plain carbon and low-alloy steels the
temperature to which the specimen is heated is
usually between 450 and 650˚C, whereas for hot-
working tool steels and high-speed steels it is
between 600 and 750˚C
This treatment will not cause any phase changes,
but recovery & recrystallization may take place.
Machining allowance sufficient to compensate for
any warping/distrotion resulting from stress
relieving should be provided
1. Stress-Relief
Annealing
13. Causes of Residual Stresses
1.Mechanical factors (e.g., cold-working during
metal forming/machining)
2.Thermal factors (e.g., thermal stresses caused by
temperature gradients within the work-piece during
heating or cooling)
3.Metallurgical factors (e.g., phase transformation
upon cooling wherein parent and product phases have
different densities
- In the heat treatment of metals, quenching or rapid
cooling is the cause of the greatest residual stresses
14. Higher temperatures and
longer times of annealing
bring residual stresses to
lower levels
All kinds of times (heating
time, soaking time, cooling
time)
Stress Relief Annealing –
Temperature & Time Vs
Stresses
15. Stress Relief Annealing –
Cooling Rate Vs
Stresses
The residual stress level after stress-relief annealing will be
maintained only if the cool down from the annealing
temperature is controlled and slow enough that no new
internal stresses arise.
New stresses that may be induced during cooling depend
on:
(1)Cooling rate
(2)Cross-sectional size of the
work- piece, and
(3)Composition of
the steel
16. 2. Normalizing
A heat treatment process consisting of
austenitizing at temperatures of 50–80˚C
above upper critical temperature (A1 , Acm)
followed by slow cooling (usually in air)
The aim of which is to obtain a fine- grained,
uniformly distributed, ferrite– pearlite
structure
Normalizing is applied mainly to unalloyed
and low-alloy hypo-eutectoid steels
For hypereutectoid steels the austenitizing
temperature is 50–80˚C above the ACm
transformation temperature
17. Normalizing – Heating and
Cooling
A3
A1
Purpose of soaking:
1. To allow metal to
attain uniform temp
2. All the austenite
transform into
pearlite, especially
for hyper-eutectoid
compositions
18. Normalizing – Austenitizing
Temperature Range
1. Depend on
composition
2. Increase in C %
reduces temp for
hypo-eutectoid steels
3. Increase in C %
increases temp for
hypo-eutectoid steels
19. Effect of Normalizing on Grain Size
Normalizing refines (reduces) the grains of a steel that
have become coarse (long and irregular) as a result of
heavy deformations as in forging or in rolling
The fine grains have higher toughness than coarse
grains,
Steel
with
0.5% C
20. Normalizing after Rolling
After hot rolling, the
structure of steel is usually
oriented in the rolling
direction
To remove the oriented
structure and obtain the
uniform mechanical
properties in all
directions, a normalizing
annealing has to be
performed
21. Normalizing after Forging
• After forging at high temperatures,
especially with work-pieces that vary
widely in cross sectional size, because of
the different rates of cooling from the
forging temperature, a heterogeneous
structure is obtained that can be made
uniform by normalizing
• Normalizing is also done to improve
• machinability of low-c steels
22. Normalizing – Holding Time
Holding time at austenitizing temperature may
be calculated using the empirical formula:
t = 60 + D
where t is the holding time (min) and D is the
maximum diameter of the workpiece (mm).
23. 3. Full
Annealing
- For compositions less than eutectoid, the metal is heated above
A3 line to form austenite
- For compositions larger than eutectoid, the metal is heated
above A1 line to form austenite and Fe3C
- Cooled slowly in a furnace instead in air as in Normalizing.
Furnace is switched off, both metal and furnace cool at the same
rate
-Microstructure outcome: Coarse
Pearlite. In Normalizing,
structure?
-Structure is relatively softer than
that in Normalizing
-Full annealing is normally used
when material needs to be
deformed further.
Usually applied for low
and medium C steel
24. 4. Spheroidizing Annealing
It is also called as Soft Annealing
Any process of heating and cooling steel that produces a
rounded or globular form of carbide (Fe3C)
It is an annealing process at temperatures close below
or close above the A1 temperature, with subsequent slow
cooling
Used for Medium & High C-Steels
- Spheroidite can form
at lower temperatures but the
time needed drastically
increases, as this is a diffusion-
controlled process.
Fe3C
Fe3C
25. Spheroidizing: How to Perform
By heating alloy at a temp just
below A1 (700C). If pre-cursor
structure is pearlite, process time
will range b/w 15 & 25Hrs
Heating alloy just above A1 line
and then either cooling very slowly
in the furnace or holding at a Temp
just below A1
Heating & cooling alternatively
within ±50C of the A1 line.
26. Spheroidizing - Purpose
The aim is to produce a soft structure by changing all hard
micro-constituents like pearlite, bainite, and martensite
(especially in steels with carbon contents above 0.5% and
in tool steels) into a structure of spheroidized carbides in a
ferritic matrix
(a) a medium-carbon low-alloy steel after soft annealing at 720C;
(b) a high-speed steel soft annealed at 820C.
27. Spheroidizing - Uses
Such a soft structure is required for good
machinability of steels having more than
0.6%C and for all cold-working processes
that include plastic deformation.
Spheroidite steel is the softest and most
ductile form of steel
28. 5. Isothermal Annealing
Spheroidizing is more useful for improving machinability of
high C steel than that of low and medium C steels.
In fact, spherodized low and medium C steels become over
soft for machining and give long shavings which accumulate
on tool cutting edge and produce poor surface.
Hypoeutectoid low-carbon steels as well as medium-carbon
structural steels are often isothermally annealed, for best
machinability
An isothermally annealed structure should have the following
characteristics:
1. High proportion of ferrite
2. Uniformly distributed pearlite grains
3. Fine lamellar pearlite grains
29. Process – Isothermal Annealing
Austenitizing
followed by a fast
cooling to the
temperature range of
pearlite formation
(usually about 650˚C.)
Holding at this
temperature until the
complete
transformation of
pearlite
and cooling to room
temperature at an
arbitrary cooling rate
Fe3C
?