Heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, and spheroidizing involve heating metals to specific temperatures and then slowly cooling to modify the microstructure and impart desired material properties. Annealing relieves stresses and increases ductility by heating to allow diffusion and transformation, then slowly cooling. Normalizing refines grains by heating above A3 and air cooling to produce finer pearlite. Spheroidizing develops spheroidite structure through heating just below or above the eutectoid temperature to improve machinability.
Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
this ppt is useful for understanding the concept of heat treatment process in steel.
it gives the idea about the various stages of heat treatment process in details
Material Engineering,
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching
Heat treatment 1 By
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
this ppt is useful for understanding the concept of heat treatment process in steel.
it gives the idea about the various stages of heat treatment process in details
Material Engineering,
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. Introduction
A combination of heating and cooling operations, timed
and applied to metal or alloy in the solid state in a way
that will produce desired properties – ASM Metals
Handbook
Modification of microstructure through a thermal process
in order to get certain properties
6. Annealing
A heat treatment in which a material is
exposed to an elevated temperature for an
extended time period and then slowly cooled
Purposes:
- Relieve stresses
- Increase softness, ductility, and toughness
- Produce a specific microstructure
7. Annealing
Stages: heating to desired temperature,
holding or soaking, then cooling
Time and temperature dependence;
- Internal stress
- Sufficient time for transformation
- Diffusion
10. Process annealing
Heat treatment that is used to negate the effects of
cold work—that is, to soften and increase the
ductility of a previously strain-hardened metal
It is commonly utilized during fabrication procedures
that require extensive plastic deformation, to allow a
continuation of deformation without fracture or
excessive energy consumption
Recovery and recrystallization processes are
allowed to occur fine grained microstructure
heat treatment stop before grain growth
11. Process annealing
Surface oxidation or scaling may be prevented or
minimized by annealing at a relatively low
temperature (but above the recrystallization
temperature) or in a nonoxidizing atmosphere
Some people call it recrystallization annealing
Common: 1 hour at 600-650 C
Yield strength and tensile strength drastically
reduced
Commonly used in the production of steel wires,
nails, etc
13. Stress relief annealing
Heat treatment that is used to eliminate internal or
residual stresses in metallic components
Internal stress distortion and warpage
Source of internal stress:
- plastic deformation processes such as machining
and grinding
- nonuniform cooling of a piece that was processed
or fabricated at an elevated temperature, such as a
weld or a casting
- a phase transformation that is induced upon
cooling wherein parent and product phases have
different densities
14. Stress relief annealing
General process: heating to the
recommended temperature, held there long
enough to attain a uniform temperature, and
finally cooled to room temperature in air
Annealing temperature relative low, up to 678
C effects of cold working and other heat
treatments are not affected
15. Full annealing
Heat treatment that is used to fully soften a carbon
steel, such that the steel is in its most ductile state
Often utilized in low- and medium carbon steels that
will be machined or will experience extensive plastic
deformation during a forming operation.
Process: heating to about 50 C above A3 line for
hypoeutectoid steel, and 50 C above A1 for
hypereutectoid steel “austenitizing” holding
furnace cooled
16. Full annealing
The microstructural product of this anneal is
coarse pearlite (in addition to proeutectoid
phase)
Time consuming
Yields a microstructure having small grains
and a uniform grain structure
Typical cooling rate 1 C/min
17. Normalizing
Heat treatment that is used to refine the
grains (i.e., to decrease the average grain
size) and produce a more uniform and
desirable size distribution; fine-grained
pearlitic steels are tougher than coarse-
grained ones
Process: heating to about 55 C above A3 line
for hypoeutectoid steel, and 55 C above Acm
line for hypereutectoid steel “austenitizing”
holding air cooled
18. Normalizing
Cooling rate 5-10 C/min
Produce fine pearlite structurehigher
strength, hardness than product of full
annealing
19. Full annealing vs Normalizing
C-T diagram shows
the difference in
the cooling rate
and final structure
20. Full annealing vs Normalizing
Microstructure
mechanical properties
21. Spheroidizing
Heat treatment that is used to develop spheroidite
structure
Spheroidized steels have a maximum softness and
ductility and are easily machined or deformed
improving machinability
Common for medium and high carbon steels
Coalescence of the Fe3C to form the spheroid particles
during spheroidizing
To some degree, the rate at which spheroidite forms
depends on prior microstructure. For example, it is
slowest for pearlite, and the finer the pearlite, the more
rapid the rate. Also, prior cold work increases the
spheroidizing reaction rate.
22. Spheroidizing
Methods:
Heating the alloy at a temperature just below the
eutectoid or at about 700 C in the +Fe3C region of
the phase diagram. If the precursor microstructure
contains pearlite, spheroidizing times will ordinarily
range between 15 and 25 h.
Heating to a temperature just above the eutectoid
temperature, and then either cooling very slowly in
the furnace, or holding at a temperature just below
the eutectoid temperature.
Heating and cooling alternately within about 50 C of
the A1 line