When too much growth hormone is secreted that augments the growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue in childhood or adolescence before the end of puberty, the condition is called Gigantism.
When too much growth hormone is secreted that augments the growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue in childhood or adolescence before the end of puberty, the condition is called Gigantism.
Understanding the human growth hormoneAdlina bryan
Human growth hormone is a protein hormone that the pituitary gland produces in the human body. It is the most important hormone in our body that is produced by the body itself. These hormones help in the proper growth and development of the immune system, improve your memory and many more.
Anatomy of pituitary glands,its secretions and disorders due to its imbalance.
Adrenal gland anatomy,its secretions and tumors of adrenal gland and disorders associated with it.
Disorders of sex hormones are the disorders occurring due to problem in the areas endocrine system governing hormones related to reproductive system and the organs related to the same.
A malfunction in the endocrine systems (either the glands, hormones, receptors or organs impacted by hormones) can cause an endocrine disorder. The various dysfunctions can cause wide-ranging effects on the body. The disorders arise from the effects caused by too little or too much secretion of a hormone or problems with receiving the hormone.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. Gigantism
Pituitary disorder characterized by excess growth
of the body.
The subjects look like the giants with average
height of about 7 to 8 feet
4.
5. Causes:
Due to hyper-secretion of GH in childhood or in pre-
adult life before the fusion of epiphysis of bone with
shaft.
Hyper-secretion of GH is because of tumor of
acidophil cells in the anterior pituitary
6. Signs and symptoms
General overgrowth of the person leads to the
development of a huge stature, with a height of
more than 7 or 8 feet.
The limbs are disproportionately long
Giants are hyperglycemic and they develop
glycosuria and pituitary diabetes.
7. Hyperglycemia causes constant stimulation of β-
cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and
release of insulin which leads to degeneration of
these cells and deficiency of insulin and ultimately,
diabetes mellitus is developed
Tumor of the pituitary gland itself causes constant
headache
Pituitary tumor also causes visual disturbances. It
compresses the lateral fibers of optic chiasma,
leading to bitemporal hemianopia
9. Causes:
Hypersecretion of GH in adults after the fusion of
epiphysis with shaft of the bone.
It is because of tumor of acidophil cells in the
anterior pituitary
10. Signs and symptoms
1. Acromegalic/gorilla face
Face with rough features
Protrusion of supraorbital ridges
Broadening of nose
Thickening of lips
Thickening and wrinkles formation on forehead
Prognathism (protrusion of lower jaw)
11. 2. Enlargement of hands and feet
3. Kyphosis
4. Thickening of scalp (bulldog scalp)
5. Overgrowth of body hair
6. Enlargement of visceral organs such as lungs,
thymus, heart, liver and spleen (Organomegaly)
7. Hyperactivity of thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal
glands
12. 8. Hyperglycemia and glucosuria, resulting in
diabetes mellitus
9. Hypertension
10. Headache
11. Visual disturbance (bitemporal hemianopia).
13.
14.
15.
16. Acromegalic Gigantism
Rare disorder with symptoms of both gigantism
and acromegaly.
Causes:
Hypersecretion of GH in children, before the fusion
of epiphysis with shaft of the bones causes
gigantism and if hypersecretion of GH is continued
even after the fusion of epiphysis, the symptoms of
acromegaly also appear.
17. Treatment
1. Treatment consists of administration of long-
acting somatostatin analogues.
2. Surgical removal of the tumor in cases that do
not respond to medical treatment.
3. There are also GH receptor antagonists
currently available that can be used to treat
the symptoms of GH excess.
20. Causes:
Reduction in GH secretion in infancy or early childhood
causes dwarfism.
It occurs because of the following reasons:
1. Tumor of chromophobes, which compresses and
destroys the normal cells secreting GH
2. Deficiency of GH-releasing hormone secreted by
hypothalamus
3. Deficiency of somatomedin C
4. Atrophy or degeneration of acidophilic cells in the
anterior pituitary
21. Pan-hypopituitarism
Reduction in the secretion of all the hormones of
anterior pituitary gland.
This type of dwarfism is associated with other
symptoms due to the deficiency of other anterior
pituitary hormones
22. Signs and symptoms:
Primary symptom of hypopituitarism in children is the
stunted skeletal growth.
Max height of anterior pituitary dwarf at the adult
age is only about 3 feet
Proportions of different parts of the body are almost
normal. Only the head becomes slightly larger in
relation to the body
Pituitary dwarfs do not show any deformity and their
mental activity is normal with no mental retardation
23. Reproductive function is not affected, if there is only
GH deficiency.
However, during panhypopituitarism, the dwarfs do
not obtain puberty due to the deficiency of
gonadotropic hormone.
24. Laron dwarfism:
Genetic disorder, also called GH insensitivity.
It occurs due to the presence of abnormal growth
hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptors in liver.
GHS receptors become abnormal because of the
mutation of genes for the receptors.
GH secretion is normal or high.
But the hormone cannot stimulate growth because
of the abnormal GHS receptors
25. Psychogenic Dwarfism
Dwarfism occurs if the child is exposed to extreme
emotional deprivation or stress.
The short stature is because of deficiency of GH.
This type of dwarfism is called psychogenic
dwarfism, psychosocial dwarfism or stress dwarfism
26. Dwarfism in dystrophia adiposogenitalis
Also called Fröhlich syndrome
It is a condition which may be caused by
decreased levels in GnRH in the blood
It is characterized by:
Growth retardation
Retarded sexual development
Atrophy or hypoplasia of the gonads
Altered secondary sex characteristics
27. Dwarfism in Panhypopituitarism
Panhypopituitarism is the pituitary disorder due to
reduction in secretion of all anterior pituitary
hormones.
These dwarfs do not attain puberty due to reduced
production of sex hormones from the anterior
pitutary.
28. Acromicria
Acromicria is a rare disease in adults
characterized by the atrophy of the extremities of
the body.
29. Causes
Deficiency of GH in adults causes acromicria
Secretion of GH decreases in the following conditions:
Deficiency of GH-releasing hormone from hypothalamus
Atrophy or degeneration of acidophilic cells in the
anterior pituitary
Tumor of chromophobes
Panhypopituitarism
30. Signs and symptoms
Atrophy and thinning of extremities of the body,
(hands and feet) are the major symptoms in
acromicria
Mostly associated with hypothyroidism
Hyposecretion of adrenocortical hormones also is
common in acromicria
The person becomes lethargic and obese
There is loss of sexual functions
31. Simmond Disease
A disease ascribed by destruction or physiological
exhaustation of the cells of anterior pituitary.
A rare pituitary disease.
Also called pituitary cachexia.
32. Causes
It occurs mostly in panhypopituitarism, i.e.
hyposecretion of all the anterior pituitary hormones
due to the atrophy or degeneration of anterior
pituitary
33. Symptoms
A major feature of Simmond disease is the rapidly
developing senile decay, a 30-years-old person looks
like a 60-years-old person.
The senile decay is mainly due to deficiency of
hormones from target glands of anterior pituitary, i.e.
the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex and the gonads
Loss of hair over the body and loss of teeth
Skin on face becomes dry and wrinkled.
So, there is a shrunken appearance of facial features.
34. Sheehan Syndrome
A condition that can occur in a woman who bleeds
severely during childbirth.
Severe blood loss and decreased blood flow
(ischemia) of the pituitary can also lead to pituitary
insufficiency.
It is manifested as:
Hypothyroidism
Adrenal insufficiency
Hypogonadism (failure to resume normal menses)
GH deficiency
35. Case Senario
A middle-aged male patient consults his family
physician because he has noticed that his hat
and wedding ring are tight and his shoe size has
increased one size during the past couple of
years. He complains of joint aches and pains. He
also states that he has noticed his voice getting
deeper and his facial features being thicker and
coarser when compared to his pictures of 10
years ago.
36. Laboratory values show increased growth
hormone and IGF-I levels and increased fasting
plasma glucose. An intravenous infusion of
glucose fails to decrease growth hormone levels.
Brain MRI reveals a tumor localized to the
pituitary.
37. Q: What is you most probable diagnosis?
Q: Give 05 evidence to support your diagnosis?
Q: What are the lab investigations that you might
order to confirm your diagnosis?