The document is a table of contents for a Spanish grammar book for the second semester. It outlines grammatical topics that will be covered including the preterite, imperfect, modal verbs, adverbs, progressive and future tenses, and more. Specific verb conjugations and uses of tense are provided for many topics as examples. The summary provides an overview of the key grammatical concepts covered in the book.

1. LIBRO GRAMATICA
2nd Semester
Camila Davis

2. TABLA DE CONTENTOS
 Imperfect  Conditional
 Preterito  Superlative
 -Car , -Gar , -Zar  Formal Commands
 Spock
 Prepositions
 Cucaracha
 Snake/Snakey  Demonstratives
 Modal
 Adverbios
 Progressivo
 Present
 Past
 Futuro
 Irregular

3. IMPERFECT
Preterito Regulares AR ER/IR
Yo Aba Ia
Tu Abas Ias
El/ella/usted Aba Ia
Nosotros Abamos Iamos
Vosotros Abais Iais
Ustedes Aban Ian
Preterito IR SER VER
Irregulares
Yo iba era veia
Tu ibas eras veias
El/ella/usted iba era veia
Nosotros ibamos eramos veiamos
Vosotros ibais erais veias
Ustedes iban eran veian

4. EL PRETERITO (-CAR,-GAR,-ZAR)

5. EL PRETERITO (SPOCK)
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicieron
FUI I
FUISTE ISTE
FUE IO
FUIMO IMOS
S IERO
FUERO N
N

6. EL PRETERITO (CUCARACHA)
 Andar Anduv-
 Estar Estuv- Decir Dij-
 Poder Pud- Traer Traj- e
 Poner Pus- iste
 Querer Quis- Conducir Conduj- o
 Saber Sup- Producir Produj-
imos
 Tener Tuv- Traducir Traduj-
isteis
 Venir Vin-
*ieron
 * the “j” verbs do not have an “i” in the ustedes
form

7. EL PRETERITO (SNAKE/SNAKEY)
 Stem-changers in the preterite
 Only changes in 3rd person
 Accent over the preterite ending on appropriate letter
 Stems that end in a vowel:
 Change the I to y
 (same rules apply when using as progressive
preterite stem change)

8. SNAKE / SNAKEY CONT.
 Dormir  Leer
 Dormí  Leí
 Dormimos  Leimos
 Dormiste  Leiste
 Durmió  Leyó
 Dumerieron  Leyeron

9. MODAL VERBS

10. LOS ADVERBIOS
 Change to feminine
 Only 2nd uses mente
 Example:
 Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente

11. PROGRESSIVE TENSE
 Ando/iendo/yendo
 Use
to say you are currently in the act of doing
something
 Esta comiendo fruta
 (she is eating fruit)

12. PAST PROGRESSIVE
 To say someone was doing something
 Estaba hablando siempre
 Why imperfect rather than the preterite?
 Because an action that is progressive is also
continuous, and continuous actions require
the imperfect.

13. FUTURE
 To say you will do something
 Infinitive + é
ás
á
emos
éis
án
 Example: Esta noche etudiaré
 I will study tonight

14. FUTURE (IRREGULAR)
Decir Dir
Hacer Har
Poner Pondr
Salir Saldr
Tener Tendr
Valer Vendr
Poder Podr
Querer Querr
Saber Sabr

15. CONDITIONAL
 Used when something is wondered or that is
probably true (Describes a PAST action)
 Would, could, could have been, etc
 Note: when "would" is used in the sense of a repeated
action in the past, the imperfect is used.
 EXAMPLES:
 Elalumno dijo que estudiaría una hora más.
The student said that he would study one more hour.
 ¿Qué hora sería?
What time could it have been?
 Estaría en su casa.
He must have been at home.
 Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste.
We were probably busy when you called.

16. CONDITIONALS CONT.
 Uses:
 To express speculation about the past
 To express the future from the perspective of the past
 To express hypothetical actions or events which may or may
not occur
 To indicate what would happen were it not for some certain
specific circumstance
 For polite use to soften requests
 To ask for advice
 For reported speech
 To express what would be done in a particular situation
 To express an action which is contrary to fact
 Note: This last example uses a verb tense called the
imperfect subjunctive (tuviera).

17. SUPERLATIVE
 The extremes; the most or least of a certain
quality (smallest , tallest, smartest)
 Elmas… El menos…
 Los mas… Los menos…
 La mas… La menos…
 Las mas… Las menos…
 Example
 Maya es la chica mas intellegente en su clase.

18. FORMAL COMMANDS
 The imperative form of a verb
 Formal commands are in Usd./Ustedes form
 Put in “Yo” form
 Change to opp. Vowel
Irr:
TVDISHE
 EXAMPLE:
S
Compr Compr Compr
ar o
e

19. PREPOSITIONS
Cerca (de) Entre
Only use de when a
Delante (de) A la izquierda specific location follows
(de) the expression
A la derecha (de) Al lado (de)
Detras (de) Lejos
*Abajo Debajo (de) Encima (de)
*Arriba Dentro (de) Fuera (de)
Prepositions are used to describe where
things are located in comparison to another
object
*these are never followed by
“de”

20. DEMONSTRATIVES
• Used in place of the adjective and the noun
• Adjectives = no accent
• Pronouns = accent
• “Neuter Demonstratives”
• Do not refer to a noun of a specific gender
• Esto – Eso - Aquello
Aqui Alli Alla
Este Ese Aquel
Esta Esa Aquella
Estos Esos Aquellos
Estas Esas Aquellas