It is an metabolic pathway of synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors like pyruvate, lactate, amino acid, glycerol etc. Main sites are liver and kidney. It uses enzymes from both cytosol and mitochondria.
It is an metabolic pathway of synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors like pyruvate, lactate, amino acid, glycerol etc. Main sites are liver and kidney. It uses enzymes from both cytosol and mitochondria.
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
A detailed account of process of gluconeogenesis with mechanisms of important enzymes.We shall also talk extensively about why the process is not the reversible o glycolysis as is commonly perceived. Also focused on its regulatory aspect in conjunction with glycolysis.
The glucuronic acid pathway is a quantitatively minor route of glucose metabolism. Like the pentose phosphate pathway, it provides biosynthetic precursors and inter-converts some less common sugars to ones that can be metabolized.
Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Regulation and clinical significanceNamrata Chhabra
Gluconeogenesis- Thermodynamic barriers, substrates of gluconeogenesis, reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, biological and clinical significance
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
A detailed account of process of gluconeogenesis with mechanisms of important enzymes.We shall also talk extensively about why the process is not the reversible o glycolysis as is commonly perceived. Also focused on its regulatory aspect in conjunction with glycolysis.
The glucuronic acid pathway is a quantitatively minor route of glucose metabolism. Like the pentose phosphate pathway, it provides biosynthetic precursors and inter-converts some less common sugars to ones that can be metabolized.
Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Regulation and clinical significanceNamrata Chhabra
Gluconeogenesis- Thermodynamic barriers, substrates of gluconeogenesis, reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, biological and clinical significance
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
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This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Presented to:- Sir Shehroz Khan
Presented to:- Benish Nasir Khan
Topic
Gluconeogensis its regulation
and significance
3. Gluoconeogenesis
• Is the formation of glucose from non-
carbohydrate sources e.g lactic acid ,amino
acids , glycerols and propionate.
• Site: liver and kidney.
4. Gluoconeogenesis
• Occurs in all animals, plants, fungi and
microbes
• Occurs largely in the liver; some in renal
cortex
• Of 10 enzymatic steps, 7 are reversals of
glycolytic reactions
5. Gluoconeogenesis
• Gluconeogenesis begins with various substrates
converted into pyruvate.and this proceed
though what is essentially the reverse of
glycosis(except for a few committed steps).
• 3 and 4-carbon substrates can enter the
gluconeogenesis pathway. Lactate from
anaerobic exercise in skeletal muscle is easily
converted to pyruvate; this happens as part of
the Cori cycle.
6. Gluoconeogenesis
• Oxaloacetate (an intermediate in the citric acid cycle
can also be used for gluconeogenesis. Amino acids,
after their amino group has been removed, feed into
parts of the citric acid cycle, and can thus can generate
glucose in this pathway.
• Fatty acids cannot be turned into glucose, as they are
broken down into the two carbon acetyl CoA.
(However glycerol which is a part of all
triacylglycerides can be used in gluconeogenesis).
7. PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
GLUCONEOGENESIS
• Gluconeogenesis is particularly important in liver
control of blood glucose homeostasis.
• Gluconeogenesis allows synthesis of glucose for
times when liver glycogen reserves are
substantially depleted; during fasting (before
breakfast) and during starvation.
8. PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
GLUCONEOGENESIS
• Unlike most tissues, glucose can easily diffuse
out of hepatocytes into the blood.
• Because hepatocytes contain much more of the
glycolysis enzyme glucokinase (KM ~ 10mM)
than hexokinase (KM = 0.1mM) most glucose
synthesised in the liver is unlikely to be
converted to glucose 6-phosphate.
10. • (1) Pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate
• Pyruvate is first converted to oxaloacetate by the enzyme
pyruvate carboxylase.
• Oxaloacetate is then converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
GLUCONEOGENESIS: ‘By-Pass’ Reactions
COOH
|
C = O
|
CH3
pyruvic acid
COOH
|
C = O
|
CH2
|
COOH
oxaloacetic acid
COOH
|
C – O – PO
||
CH2
phosphoenolpyruvic
acid
CO2
ATP ADP + Pi
GTP GDP
CO2
11. GLUCONEOGENESIS: ‘By-Pass’ Reactions
(2) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to Fructose 6-
phosphate
Catalysed by fructose bisphosphatase.
OH
O
CH2O – PO
CH2O – PO
3
2
OH
HOH
H
H
α-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
3
2
OH
O
CH2O – PO
CH2OH
3
2
OH
HOH
H
H
α-D-fructose 6-phosphate
H2O
Pi
12. GLUCONEOGENESIS: ‘By-Pass’ Reactions
(3) Glucose 6-phosphate to glucose
Catalysed by glucose 6-phosphatase.
H2O
Pi
O
CH2OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
α-D-glucose
HH
H
H
H
O
CH2O – PO
HO
OH
OH
OH
HH
H
α-D-glucose 6-phosphate
3
2
H
H
Glucose 6-phosphatase is chiefly found in liver cells where it is
important for producing glucose to ‘top-up’ blood glucose levels.
It is absent in muscle cells.
13. GLUCONEOGENESIS from lactate/pyruvate
The Cori Cycle
Glucose
pyruvate
lactate
Glucose
pyruvate
lactate
blood
blood
Muscle/ Erythrocytes Liver
glycolysis gluconeogenesis
14. Glycerol, from the breakdown of triglycerides can also
provide a raw material for gluconeogenesis.
glycerol glycerol 3-
phosphate
dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
glucose
gluconeogenesis
GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM TRIGLYCERIDES
Acetyl CoA, the main breakdown product of fatty acids,
cannot be used to feed gluconeogenesis.
15. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is the most important
regulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS/GLUCONEOGENESIS
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is not an intermediate of either
pathway but is synthesised from fructose 6-phosphate by
a dual function enzyme known as phosphofructokinase-
2/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase.
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
stimulates phosphofructokinase activity (glycolysis)
inhibits fructose bisphosphatase activity
(gluconeogenesis)
17. REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS/GLUCONEOGENESIS
Reversible phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase-2 /
fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase controls the activity of this
enzyme.
fructose 6-
phosphate
fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
concentration decreases
phosphofructokinase -2
activity inhibited
fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
activity stimulated by
phosphorylation
Enables
gluconeogenesis
Effects of phosphorylation:
Inhibits
glycolysis
18. REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS/GLUCONEOGENESIS
Reversible phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase-2 /
fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase controls the activity of this
enzyme.
fructose 6-
phosphate
fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
concentration increases
phosphofructokinase-2
activity stimulated by
dephosphorylation
fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
activity inhibited
Inhibits
gluconeogenesis
Stimulates
glycolysis
Effects of dephosphorylation:
19. Regulation of Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis and degradation of the regulator fructose 2,6-
bisphosphate is controlled by reversible phosphorylation
of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-2 / fructose 2,6-
bisphosphatase by protein kinase A.
Phosphorylation turns on
phosphofructokinase-2 / fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
activity
Dephosphorylation turns on:
phosphofructokinase-2 / fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
activity