Introduction and defination
Classification
Reducing sugars
Non-reducing sugars
General properties
Common disaccharides
1) sucrose
Origin
Structure
Properties
Function
Introduction and defination
Classification
Reducing sugars
Non-reducing sugars
General properties
Common disaccharides
1) sucrose
Origin
Structure
Properties
Function
Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria under anaerobic conditions.
Or
Any metabolic process that releases energy from a sugar or other organic molecule, does not require oxygen or an electron transport system, and uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired.
The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
in microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing ATP by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-2
PREPARATION OF THE ALCOHOL.
Ethanol is commercially produced using a process called fermentation. Many other alcohols can be made this way, but are more likely to be produced by synthetic routes - from natural gas, oil or coal.
Fermentation is the process in which yeast breaks down sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeast is tiny. The process does not need oxygen, hence it is the form of anaerobic respiration.
These are two types of fermentation
a) Alcoholic fermentation – producing alcohol
b) Lactic acid fermentation – producing lactic acid
Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria under anaerobic conditions.
Or
Any metabolic process that releases energy from a sugar or other organic molecule, does not require oxygen or an electron transport system, and uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired.
The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
in microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing ATP by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-2
PREPARATION OF THE ALCOHOL.
Ethanol is commercially produced using a process called fermentation. Many other alcohols can be made this way, but are more likely to be produced by synthetic routes - from natural gas, oil or coal.
Fermentation is the process in which yeast breaks down sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeast is tiny. The process does not need oxygen, hence it is the form of anaerobic respiration.
These are two types of fermentation
a) Alcoholic fermentation – producing alcohol
b) Lactic acid fermentation – producing lactic acid
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3. •It is a common type of fermantaion
•It is used in baverages and bakeries product.
• C3H403 C2H50H + CO2
• (Pyruvic acid) (Alcohol)
Alcohlic Fermentation
4. • The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase plays a central role in the most ancient form of
biotechnology: alcoholic fermentation.
•Yeast and many bacteria produce alcohol dehydrogenases. These microbial enzymes
catalyze the last step in the conversion of food into metabolic energy, creating ethanol.
•Sugars are broken down and used for energy, forming ethanol as the waste
product, which is excreted into the liquid surrounding the cell.
Making Alcohol
5. •We have harnessed this process to produce alcoholic beverages: yeast is allowed to
ferment grain sugars to form beer, and yeast is allowed to ferment grape juice to form
wine.
•Alcohol dehydrogenases in microbes function as tetramers.
•They are zinc-containing enzymes that utilize glucose.
Making Alcohol
6. •Each glucose molecule is broken down in a 10-step process called glycolysis.
•The product of glycolysis is two three-carbon sugars, called pyruvates, and ATP
(adenosine triphosphate).
• The two pyruvates are then converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Making Alcohol
7. The overall process of fermentation is to convert glucose sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide gas:
C6H12O6 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2
sugar alcohol carbon dioxide gas
(glucose) (ethyl alcohol or ethanol)
Making Alcohol
11. Breaking Down Alcohol
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2
CH3CHO + H2O CH3COOH
aldehyde
(acetaldehyde) (acetic acid)
The acetic acid can be used to form fatty acids (watch that waistline!), or it can
be further broken down into CO2 and water.
12. Alcohol dehydrogenase provides a line of defense against a common toxin in
our environment.
•Alcohol dehydrogenase also modifies other alcohols, sometimes producing
even more dangerous products:
•Methanol, which is commonly used to “denature” ethanol rendering it
undrinkable, is converted to formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase.
Dangers of Alcohol
13. • The formaldehyde then causes severe damage, attacking proteins and
embalming them.
•Small amounts of methanol cause blindness, as the sensitive proteins in the
retina are attacked, and larger amounts, perhaps a glassful, lead to widespread
damage and death.
Dangers of Alcohol
15. • Our bodies create at least nine different forms of alcohol
dehydrogenase, each with slightly different properties.
• Most of these are found primarily in the liver, including the 3 form
• The form is found in the lining of the stomach.
• Each enzyme is composed of two subunits.
• Ethanol is not the only target or substrate of these enzymes, they also make
important modifications to retinol, steroids, and fatty acids.
Structure & Function
