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Cold War Notes
- 1. COLD WAR BALANCE OFPOWER
- 2. #1 East vs.West West supported by US & GB. Democracy & free enterprise restored Western countries Eastern Europe had pro-communist govts supported by the Soviet Union Europe divided by imaginary line: Iron Curtain
- 3. #2 West GermanGovt Germany divided into 4 zones - eventually, Western three combined into 1 Berlin is also divided in 4, but in Soviet zone Nazis outlawed, tried at Nuremberg Germans wrote a constitution 1949, Federal Republic of Germany Guaranteed asylum for political reasons (sanctuary)
- 4. #3 Holocaust Lessons Germanswant to be sure it doesn’t happen again Today, strong ties to Israel Attempt to compensate financially some victims Will grant asylum to anyone escaping political persecution
- 5. #4 Japan’s Constitution Wantto end militarism and ensure democracy Constitution drafted by Gen. Douglas MacArthur & advisors Constitutional monarchy; representatives elected to Diet; women can vote; basic rights guaranteed
- 6. #5 Cold War 2superpowers emerge after WWII - US & Soviet Union A continuing state of tension & hostility btwn them. Armed battle did not occur directly- stakes are 2 high! Soviets have atomic bomb in ‘49, hydrogen bomb ‘53 Marxist Communism vs. American Capitalism - ideological conflict; hatred!
- 7. #5 Cold Warbegins Stalin forced Eastern European countries to adopt pro-communist govts The Soviets did not trust the West, won’t give up lands they gained in war Stalin puts pressure on Greece & Turkey, we step in.
- 8. #6 Satellite? Not thatkind of satellite! A country that was forced to be pro-communist 7 of them: Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
- 9. #7 Truman Doctrine 3/47,President Truman establishes military & economic policy to help other nations resist Soviet aggression Theory of Containment - limit commies from spreading Sends $400 million in military & economic aid to Greece & Turkey War on Communism “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” — Harry S Truman
- 10. #7 Marshall Plan Economicaid package to strengthen democratic govts in W. Europe, help them rebuild $13 Billion Extremely successful, source of embarrassment for Stalin when W.E. recovers, E.E. doesn’t
- 11. #8 Crisis inGermany Tension btwn democratic West and communist East Stalin feared a strong, united Germany W. Germany is doing better, industry up 600%, currency better in West than East Berlin was in East, blockaded by Stalin to stop supplies
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- 13. #8 Berlin Airlift 1948Allies bring in food & supplies through the air to Berlin for nearly a year Blockade is ineffective Led to the formal creation of West Germany (1949) 1961, East German govt builds wall separating East Berlin from West Berlin - shoot anyone trying to escape
- 14. #9 Opposing Alliances North AtlanticTreaty Organization - NATO Designed to make sure Soviets don’t grab any more of Europe Warsaw Pact - Soviet alliances w/ 7 of its satellites Critics said the purpose of NATO was: “to keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in.”
- 15. #10 Soviet Repression Stalindies in 1953, glitter of hope But Soviets keep their thumb on satellite countries Soviets put down revolts by rolling tanks, show the West they will use force to support communism
- 16. #11 Revolts 1956, ImreNagy - Hungarian nationalist & communist seeks independence Soviets roll in tanks, Nagy executed & thousands of others die Soviets crush dissent by force
- 17. Time magazine’s Manof the Year in 1956 was the Hungarian freedom fighter
- 18. #11 Czechoslovakia 1968, “PragueSpring” movement among students Alexander Dubcek became Communist Party leader, called for liberal reforms & easing of communist controls “Socialism w/ a human face” Tanks rolled, new govt installed Again, use force when necessary
- 19. #12 Arms Race Distrust& fear permeate in cold war society Both sides stockpile atomic weapons, position them “in case of attack!” - fear 1960 - US U2 Spyplane shot down over Soviet airspace prior to East- West summit meeting in Paris Americans deny, Soviets produce evidence, captured pilot - Relations fall apart
- 20. #12 Space Race 1957Sputnik, a Soviet satellite, is first man-made object to orbit the Earth US shocked, Soviets are Better? WTH? NASA started - major $$$$$$$ for science and math education 1961 - Soviets 1st man in space 1969 - US on moon
- 21. #13 East Asia Bysupporting govts or rebel groups in other countries, the superpowers could exert their influence w/out engaging directly (through surrogate means). Korean War, 1950-1953 Vietnam, 1954-1975 Provided eco. aid, advisors, & troops to contain communism Tens of thousands die not fighting Soviets, but other communists
- 22. #14 Middle East 1950s, GamalAbdar Nasser rules Egypt, Soviets help him with Aswan Dam Fights 2 wars vs. Israel, backed by Soviets US backs Israel
- 23. #14 Middle East US& USSR needed oil for their economies - interfere in Iran & Iraq Iran - US backs anti- communist shah, who gets overthrown in Islamic Revolution,1979 USSR supports socialist dictator in Iraq after military coup overthrows monarchy
- 24. #15 Africa Congo -free from Belgium in 1960 - Soviets help new leader suppress rebels Anti-communist dictator Mobutu Sese Seko gets support from the west & takes control, renames it Zaire Stays in power until late ‘90s.
- 25. #16 Latin America Cuba- Fidel Castro establishes communist dictatorship in 1959 Very close to US Bay of Pigs invasion to overthrow Castro fails, 1961 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis Castro & Khrushchev
- 26. #17 Nonaligned nations -did not choose a side in the Cold War, but chose to make economic progress a goal Accepted aid from both U.S. and Soviet Union India, Yugoslavia, many African nations
- 27. #18 United Nations TheUN was a place that representatives from the USSR and the US could voice their differences peacefully Member countries would side w/ one of the superpowers in votes though, limiting the UN’s effectiveness
- 28. Soviet World Crumbles #19-détente – btwn 1963- 1981, a lessoning of tensions Détente involved arms control talks and treaties (like SALT, Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties ’69, ‘79) Cultural exchanges Trade agreements Joint Apollo Soyuz Space Mission
- 29. #20 Afghanistan Soviets launchwar in Afghanistan, 1979 to keep the pro-communist govt in power - West sees Soviets as still aggressive US backs Mujahideen “freedom fighters” (led by Saudi Arabian, Osama bin Laden) CIA trains and arms them through Pakistani secret services Unpopular in Soviet Union, lots of casualties on both sides “USSR’s Vietnam” After Soviet withdrawal in 1989, all sides forget Afghanistan - warlords control country, then Taliban wins civil war Taliban harbors Al-Qaeda –> 9/11/01
- 30. #21Perestroika Under Soviet PremierMikhail Gorbachev He reformed the USSR so much it crumbled Restructured the failing state-run economy to create growth, efficiency Free market reforms – led to inflation, shortages of food & medicine People got something for doing little for so long, didn’t know how to make things on their own Mikhail Gorbachev
- 31. #21 Glasnost Means “openness” Endedcensorship, so people could discuss problems openly Stalin is rolling in his grave! Nationalist sentiments are opened up – Soviet empire will collapse (Freedom please)
- 32. #22 When Gorbachev introduces democracy,the Soviet Union crumbles
- 33. #23 – Gorbachev 1985-1991 Wantsto shake Soviet society from top to bottom World had changed – 3 worlds – Capitalist, Communist, 3rd World radio & TV makes world smaller, sense of connectivity, capacity to destroy humanity, world capitalism (McDonald’s, Coca-Cola) Perestroika & Glasnost
- 34. #23 Yeltsin Coup ledby Gen. Yennaiev to overthrow Gorbachev fails Boris Yeltsin saved Gorbachev, takes over when Gorbachev resigns Struggles to make transition from communism to capitalism “We pretend to work as they pretend to pay us.” – no incentive to work hard, laziness is a way of life under communism Yeltsin retires in 1999
- 35. #23 Vladimir Putin FormerKGB officer 1st time in Russian history that power passed peacefully from 1 elected leader to another Has suppressed dissent (jailed opponents), curbed power of regional leaders and Duma Nuclear arms reduction w/ U.S. and cooperation w/ NATO
- 36. #24 Poland is 1st countryto break up Eastern Bloc Strikes in Gdansk shipyards, labor unrest, rising prices lead to union movement – Solidarity led by Lech Walesa Free elections 1989, he is President – Comm Party loses monopoly on power Hungary – Comm party is broken up, opens borders to West East Germany – Nov 9, 1989 – Berlin Wall comes down
- 37. #24 Bulgaria – Commdictator Zhivkov resigns, 1989 Czechoslovakia – Vaclav Havel, a poet elected Dec. 26, 1989 Romania – Nikolai Ceaucescu, brutal dictator sends out army to break up protests – they arrest, kill him instead Yugoslavia – Lead by Tito, declares itself separate
- 38. #25 Ethnic Tension eruptsin former Soviet bloc as they struggle for democracy Czechoslovakia splits Armenians vs Azerbaijan Yugoslavia torn apart in Balkans (Milosevic) Chechens vs. Russia (terror) U.S. is #1