The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because it had all the necessary factors of production: land, labor, and capital. The revolution led to major social changes like the rise of a middle class and urbanization. It also contributed to the rise of imperialism in the 1800s-early 1900s as nations sought new markets and resources. Imperialism had both economic and political causes and effects like domination of other regions, conflict, and forced changes.

2. Causes
 Agrarian Revolution =
more food!
 Population explosion
 Began in Great Britain
o Land (rivers, island)
o Labor (people to work)
o Capital ($ & investment)
Effects
 New Social Class
Structure
MIDDLE CLASS
 Urbanization
 Bad working conditions
 Better transportation
 Higher standard of living
 Imperialism
Industrial Revolution:
production of goods shifted
from using hand tools to
using power-driven machines
and from human and animal
power to steam power

3. Why did the I.R. begin in G.B.?
GreatBritainhadALLoftheFACTORSofPRODUCTION
1)Land 2)Labor 3)Capital

4. Competing economic theories
Capitalism
(AKA: Market Economy, Free
Market, Private Enterprise)
Economy governed by natural
forces of supply and
demand
Laissez Faire – government is
NOT involved; “Let it be”
Concentrated on interests of
individual/ private
ownership
Adam Smith - author of
Wealth of Nations
Socialism
(AKA: Marxism, communism,
state-run)
Farms & businesses belong to
all people (not individuals)
Concentrated on the interests
of society
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
The Communist Manifesto
history is a class struggle
proletariat (working
class) vs. bourgeoisie
wealth & power shared

5. Industrialization leads to
Imperialism
 Domination by one country of the political,
economic, or cultural life of another country
 1800s – early 1900s

6. Causes of Imperialism
Economic
-Need for raw materials
-Need new markets
Political
-Power and security of
the empire
-Nationalism
Social – Western nations believed they were superior to
non-Western areas
Social Darwinism: Darwin’s theory of survival of
the fittest; natural for stronger nations to dominate
weaker nations
White Man’s Burden: Rudyard Kipling’s poem
“White Man’s Burden”; white imperialists have a
moral duty to educate less developed countries

7. Effects of Imperialism
India Africa
•British East India
Company controlled 3/5s
of India
•India is the “jewel in the
crown” – lots of raw
materials and markets
•Sepoy Mutiny: Hindus
and Muslims united
against the British; Britain
crushed the revolt and
took direct control of India
•Scramble for Africa
•Berlin Conference
(1884): European powers
divide up Africa; don’t
consult Africans = conflict
& tribal warfare
•Zulus resist imperialism
•Boer War

8. Effects of Imperialism
China Japan
•Spheres of Influence: areas
where outside powers claim
exclusive trade rights
•Opium War: Great Britain vs.
China
•Treaty of Nanjing: China open
ports to Great Britain for trade
and hand over Hong Kong
•Taiping Rebellion
•BOXER REBELLION (ANTI-
WEST)
•Isolation under Tokugawa
Shoguns
•Commodore Matthew Perry
•Treaty of Kanagawa: open 2
ports to U.S.
MEIJI Restoration
Modernization
& Industrialization
Imperialism
Japan becomes world power!