Fascism first emerged in Italy in 1919 under Benito Mussolini and established a dictatorship by 1925. The term would later be applied to nationalist revolutionary movements in Europe between the world wars, most importantly German National Socialism (Nazism). Fascism celebrated the nation as an organic community and sought a "spiritual revolution" against signs of moral decay through authoritarian leadership and sometimes racist doctrines. It was a response to the collapse of old regimes after World War I and economic instability in young nations with discontented populations. While having different paths to power, fascism in both Germany and Italy established totalitarian control and mobilized societies for war.