NOTES ON NATIONALISM

1. Nationalism
Chapter 4

2. 1. Introduction
-Nationalism became the most significant force for
self-determination and unification in Europe of
the 1800’s.
-It fed the desire of different groups to be free of
rulers from large empires and form there own
countries
-Nationalism will result in the formation of Italy,
Germany and various Latin American countries
-It will also bring about the destruction of the
Austrian and Ottoman Empire

3. 2. Italian Nationalism
A. Beginnings
-During the reign of Napoleon, Italy was unified for a brief
time.
-However, The Congress of Vienna divided Italy into
smaller states and territories that were controlled by
Austria and Spain
-Italians wanted to free themselves of foreign control and
once again become a unified nation

4. Unification Movements
- Nationalist began to form secret societies
throughout Italy.
- Unification was the goal of groups such
as the Young Italy Movement led by
Giuseppe Mazzini who called for the
establishment of a republic.
- King Victor Emmanuel II, who led the
kingdom of Sardinia wanted to be a model
for Italian nationalism.

5. Pg. 2
- Count Camillo Cavour, a prominent Italian
Nationalist, was the Prime Minister of
Sardinia.
- His movement for Italian unification was
known as Risorgimento.

6. 3. The Crimean War
- France and Great Britain declared war on
Russia in an effort to stop the Russians
from taking over the weaker Ottoman
Empire.
- Sardinia entered the war allied with France
and Great Britain, in hopes of achieving
assistance in unifying Italy.
- In 1858, Sardinia and France planned to
attack Austria.

7. 4. War with Austria
- In 1859, Sardinia aided nationalist revolts
in the Austrian controlled northern Italian
lands of Lomardy and Venetia.
- Austria used military troops to stop the
revolts, Sardinia and France sent troops to
help the nationalists.
- A treaty was signed between Austria and
Sardinia in which Sardinia gained control
of Italian territory.

8. 5. Nationalism in Southern Italy
- In 1869, with support of Sardinia, Garibaldi
formed a Nationalist Army known as the Red
Shirts.
- Their goal was to attack the two kingdoms of
two Sicilies and form a republic.
- Garibaldi then attacked Rome and the Papal that
were under control of France.
- Finally, when France withdrew from Rome in
1870, the citizens of Rome voted to join the
kingdom of Italy.
- With the joining of Rome, the entire Italian
peninsula was united.

9. 6. Nationalism in Germany
-The Congress of Vienna in 1815 created the
Germany Confederation, a loose
organization of 39 separate states each
having it’s own laws, currency, and ruler
-King William I wanted Prussia to become a
military power in Europe and wanted to
unify the German states under one ruler
-He appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime
Minister to build a powerful war machine

10. A. Blood and Iron
-Bismarck believed in a policy known as
“Blood and Iron” which meant
strengthening the military and using
warfare to reach their goal of unifying
Germany

11. B. Obstacles to Unification of
Germany
1.Austria represented the most serious obstacle to
Germany’s unification because they feared
competition in Central Europe
2.Other European countries (France and Russia)
feared a united Germany because they did not
want to upset the balance of power in Europe
3.Some smaller German states wanted to protect
their customs and traditions, and did not want to
be absorbed into a large German nation
controlled by Prussia

12. C. Steps toward Unification
1) War over Schleswig-Holstein
-Bismarck formed an uneasy alliance with
Austria to gain control of the areas of
Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark. A bitter
dispute occurred after the war between
Prussia and Austria over the newly won
territories

13. C. Steps toward Unification (Pg.2)
2. War with Austria
-7 Weeks War where Prussia easily defeated
Austria. Prussia formed the North
German Confederation. Joined Western and
Eastern parts of Prussia
3. Franco-Prussian War
- Southern German Confederation Feared
Prussian control (religious differences) sought an
alliance with France. Dispute over Spain led to a
war with France and Prussia. Win by Prussia led
control over S. German Confederation

14. D. The New Germany
-William I was proclaimed Kaiser and
appointed Bismarck as chancellor
-The newly created German empire was
called the Second Reich or Empire
-The leaders of Germany were determined
to make Germany a major commercial,
colonial and military power of Europe

15. 3. Latin America
A. Social Classes
1. Peninsulares
- People who were born in Spain
-Could only hold high gov’t offices
2. Creoles
-Spaniards born in Latin America
-Could hold medium level jobs
3. Mestizos
-Persons of mixed European and Latin America
4. Mulattos
-Persons of mixed European and African ancestry
5. Enslaved Africans
-Bottom of Social Ladder

16. B. Independence Movements
-The peninsulares and creoles controlled
land, wealth and power in the Spanish
colonies
-Ideas of liberty, equality and democratic rule
from Europe found their way across
the Atlantic to the American colonies
-Most of the population resented the
domination of European rule

17. C. Revolution in Haiti
-Nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on the
plantations in Haiti
-Tossaint L’Ouverture , a freed slave, led a revolt of
100,000 slaves against the plantation owners
-By 1801, the revolutionaries took control of Haiti
and freed all slaves
-Even after L’Ouverture was seized by French
troops and sent to prison in France, the
revolution continued
-In 1804, Haiti became the first African colony in
Latin America to free itself from European rule

18. D. South American Revolutions
-Napoleon’s takeover of Spain triggered
revolts in the Spanish colonies of South
America
-Led by the Creoles who did not want to be
ruled by the French
-Led by two Generals, Simon Bolivar, from
Venezuela and Jose de San Martin, from
Argentina, eventually led to all South
American colonies free from European
control

19. E. Mexican Revolution
-In Mexico, the Natives and the Mestizos played
the leading role in the search for freedom
-Under Generals Miquel Hidalgo and Jose
Morelas, the revolutionaries fought for their
freedoms
-Eventually, the Creoles joined the fight for
independence after the lost their power in the
colonies
-In 1821, Mexico gained their independence from
Spain

20. F. Life after Independence
-Political independence meant little for most citizens in
these newly established countries
-The majority of people remained poor laborers caught up
in a cycle of poverty
-Many Latin American army leaders controlled these
nations as military dictators known as caudillos
-Wealthy landowners supported these leaders because
they protected their plantations
-Voting rights and political powers were restricted to the
upper classes
-These Latin American countries still relied on European
countries for manufactured goods and borrowed money
to build infrastructure, (roads, hospitals, schools,
factories)
-Many countries could not pay their loans and many foreign
European companies gained control of these industries
(Economic colonialism)

21. G. Mexican Civil War
-These issues caused problems in Mexico
-In 1876, a new dictator, Diaz, took control of Mexico
-In the early 1900s, Mexicans began to protest Diaz’s harsh
rule
-Francisco Madero, a wealthy landowner, called for an
armed revolution
-This started a series of local uprisings led by Pancho Villa
and Emiliano Zapata
-The Mexican Civil War resulted in over a million deaths
-In 1917, a new Constitution was put into place that
promoted education, land reforms and workers rights