Karst topography
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Karst topography forms in areas with soluble rock like limestone and dolomite. Groundwater dissolves the rock through chemical processes, forming distinctive landforms. Key features include sinkholes, caves, underground streams, and karst plains. Karst regions exist worldwide, including parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, requiring soluble bedrock and adequate rainfall for dissolution to occur.
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3. Potential diamond-bearing kimberlitic bodies have been identified in the region based on petrography, geochemistry, and the presence of kimberlitic indicator minerals.
Evaporites
Evaporites are sedimentary rocks that form when water evaporates from an aqueous solution, leaving behind mineral deposits. There are two types: marine evaporites, which form from ocean water, and non-marine evaporites, which form from inland bodies of water. Minerals precipitate from solution in reverse order of solubility as the water evaporates. Common evaporite minerals include halite, gypsum, and anhydrite. Evaporites are economically important as sources of minerals and because some formations can trap oil and gas deposits.
Dolerite
Dolerite is a medium-grained mafic igneous rock composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. It forms from the cooling of magma underground and is commonly found within dykes and sills. Dolerite exhibits an ophitic texture where plagioclase crystals are surrounded by pyroxene. There are two main types - tholeiitic dolerite and alkali dolerite - which are found in locations like South Africa, Tasmania, Scotland, and England. Dolerite is utilized as a building and construction material.
Lesson 6 glacial deposition and landforms
This document describes various glacial landforms and deposits. It explains that glaciers deposit debris through processes like lodgement, ablation, and deformation. Lodgement till is dense and well-consolidated, while ablation till is more angular. It also describes different types of moraines like lateral, medial, and terminal that form at the edges of glaciers, as well as drumlins which are streamlined hills of lodgement till.
Subduction Zones and their Associated Features
TABLE OF CONTENT
>Introduction
>General Morphology of Subduction Zone
>Ocean Trenches
>Back Arc Basins
>Accretionary Prism
>Variation in Zones Characteristics
>Structure of Zones from Earthquakes
>Thermal Structure of Down-going Slab
>Gravity Anomalies
>Volcanic and Plutonic Activity
>Metamorphism at convergent boundaries
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c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
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+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
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Karst topography
- 2. Contents 1. Karst 2. Zones of Karst 3. Karst Processes 4. Karst Topography 5. Karst Area in World 6. Conditions for the development of the Karst 7. Karst Landforms 8. Caverns and Cave 9. References
- 3. Karst • The term "karst" stems from the region Krs in Slovenia, now in northwestern Yugoslavia, which is typified by stony barren rock • he Indo- European word "kar" for rock and the Italian word "carso" evolved to the Germanized term"karst," which is now the accepted term for solution-derived landscapes
- 4. Ground Water •Vadose zone or Zone of Aeration (Above the Water Table) •Phreatic zone or Zone of Saturation (Below the Water Table)
- 6. Karst Processes • Chemical Action • Lithology • Joints • Faults
- 7. Karst Topography • Dolomite(CaMg(CO3)2) and Limestone(CaCO3) • Dissolution of rocks (Groud or Surface)
- 8. Karst in the World • S.France • Spanish Andalusia • U.S.A • S.Asia
- 10. Conditions of Karst Development • Soluable rock (limestone,dolomite) • Dense highly jointed • Moderate rain fall region
- 11. Karst landform • Terra Rosa • Sinkholes • Karst Plain • Stalactites • Stalagmites • Pillars • Karst Solution Valley • Uvala • Polje • Karst Tower • Karst cockpits
- 12. Terra Rossa
- 13. Sinkholes • Groundwater dissolves soluble rock, creating fractures and caves. • Dissolving continues to form larger caves and fractures.
- 14. Sinkhole
- 16. Uvala
- 17. Polje • A polje is a large flat plain in karst territory, often structurally controlled Copyright © Jelena Calic-Ljubojevic 2002
- 18. Polje
- 19. Tower Karst • Tower karst is created in highly eroded karst regions.
- 20. Karst Tower
- 21. Karst Cockpits
- 22. Caverns and cave • Underground spaces • Natural opening in the ground extended beyond the zone of light
- 23. Karst Caverns or Caves • Speleothems • Stalacite • Stalagmites • Pillar • Natural Tunnels • Natural Bridge
- 24. Stalacite
- 26. Natural Tunnel
- 27. Natural Bridge
- 29. References • www.usgs.gov • www.nasa.gov • Jhon.Richard Hugget “Fundamentals of Geomorphology” 2005 edition