A fault is a break or fracture between two blocks of rocks in response to stress.
One block has moved relative to the other block.
The surface along which the blocks move is called a fault plane.
Faulting produced the earthquakes.
Thus earthquakes may occur because:
a) Rocks are initially broken to produce a fault.
b) Movement or re-activation of an already existing fault.
Geologic processes that shape the planet Earth, which occurs beneath the surface and associated with Interior forces. Download this so you can see some animations and some hidden images behind some pictures.
A fault is a break or fracture between two blocks of rocks in response to stress.
One block has moved relative to the other block.
The surface along which the blocks move is called a fault plane.
Faulting produced the earthquakes.
Thus earthquakes may occur because:
a) Rocks are initially broken to produce a fault.
b) Movement or re-activation of an already existing fault.
Geologic processes that shape the planet Earth, which occurs beneath the surface and associated with Interior forces. Download this so you can see some animations and some hidden images behind some pictures.
Geology, a word that literally means “study of Earth”. Geology is traditionally divided into two broad areas: physical and historical.
Physical geology examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface. Earth is a dynamic, ever-changing planet. Internal forces create earthquakes, build mountains, and produce volcanic structures. At the surface, external processes break rock apart and sculpt a broad array of landforms. The erosional effects of water, wind, and ice result in a great diversity of landscapes. Because rocks and minerals form in response to Earth’s internal and external processes, their interpretation is basic to an understanding of our planet.
In contrast to physical geology, the aim of historical geology is to understand the origin of Earth and the development of the planet through its-billion-year history.
Agents of weathering:
Water
Precipitates
Fire
Pressure
Bio weathering (fungi)
Acid (Chemical weathering)
Plate tectonics and various landforms form by plate movements of earth system SunilKumar5659
a basic information report of plate tectonics activities and formation of volcanoes, series of volcanoes
formation view point of Himalayas, Platue and others valleys
Contents:
1. Concept of Earthquake
2. Hazards Associated to Earthquake
- Ground Shaking
- Ground Rapture
- Tsunami
- Earthquake induced landslide
3. What do to BEFORE, DURING, AFTER Earthquake
Mountain Formation
Jessica Ricard
May 28, 2016
Rasmussen College
Mountain Formation.
The formation of mountains is a geological process differs depending on the type of mountain formed. There are three main types of mountains which are all formed differently but by geological processes involving the movement of tectonic plates or wind forces or magma pressure from the inner core of the earth structure. The different types of mountains are such as, Fold Mountains, volcanic mountains, and Block Mountains. The earth has numerous mountains on its surface in different global locations; however, the type of mountain formed on the earth`s surface is entirely dependent on the prevailing climatic conditions or tectonic movement within the region (See, 1907). Therefore, similar types of mountains are found in environments or locations bearing similar conditions such as climates, surface covers, and wind intensity.
The compressional forces in the earth`s crust result to the gradual motion of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are two sub-layers found in the lithosphere( earth`s crust) that move independently based on the crust pressure level, the two layers move, float or collide thus leading to continental drifts, earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain formation (See, 1907). The gradual but pressurized movement of tectonic plates within the earth`s crust transgress into external geological formations on the surface of the earth.
Isostatic uplift is the gradual lifting of the earth surface due to the decline in the overall unit mass of ice sheets which is caused by gradual warming of the earth surface. Therefore, the continental rebound is responsible for the gradual uplift of earth surface in regions where ice sheets had suppressed the earth ground surface. Continental rebound coupled with igneous matter intrusion ultimately force the surface rocks upward due to the consequent pressure levels ultimately creating a landform superior in height than surrounding features. Over the course of time, agents of erosion in the environment erode the uplifted surfaces; the erosion is a gradual geological activity influenced by climate agents such as ice, the wind, rain, and gravity. However, the process is extremely gradual and occurs in millions of years due to the nature of crust and surface rocks. This accounts for the mountains observable in the surface of the earth. As earlier mentioned the different types of mountains are formed through various processes and agents. Therefore, to understand the formation of mountains it is mundane to critically analyze the structure of the different types of mountains and the different environmental agents that influence such formations on the surface of the earth.
Volcanic mountains
According to Green (2011), a volcano is a vent in the earth surface formed by pressure forces in the colliding tectonic plates that act as a release channel for magma in the lithosphere to rea ...
A report about earthquakes. Inside this powerpoint are: the meaning of earthquakes, types of plate movement, and how does an earthquake occur. Have Fun!
2. Endogenic Processes
Endogenic processes: forces that cause
movements beneath the Earth`s surface.
Endogenic processes can consist of anything
from plate tectonics, earth quakes, and volcanic
activities.
Endogenic processes occurs so slowly that it is
very rare to find an unmodified landform
3. Plate Tectonics
Convergent boundary- coming together
Divergent boundary- pulling apart
Transform boundary- two plates that slide
horizontally against each other
There are 7 plates that cover the earth’s surface
and some smaller ones that fit in between the
larger ones
7. Tectonic Types
There are two types of tectonic styles:
Orogenic Processes
Epeirogenic Processes
8. Orogenic Processes
Mountain building processes that occur from
compressional forces that are generated by
continued subduction or the trapping and
deformation of sediment and crust between two
colliding plates
9. Epeirogenic Processes
Processes that cause uplift or depression on a
regional scale and proceed without internal
disruption of original rock surfaces. It occurs in
response to driving forces.
11. Tectonic Scarp
Any steep slope that results from differential
movement of the earth’s crust
12. Fault Scarp
Occurs when a fault displaces the surface of the
ground so that one side is higher or lower than
the other
13. Thrust-fault Scarps
Is a major process of upper crustal shortening
during orogeny
Thrusts upward through sedimentary cover strata
and emerge at the land surface
14. Monoclinal Scarp
Tectonic scarps with height, steepness, and
lateral continuity comparable to fault scarps
Formed by steep monoclines
15. Sag Ponds
Found at the foot of
recent fault scarps
May develop by
oblique movement or
ground setting
16. Pressure Ridges
If the pressure on a scarp is compressional
They are low elongated mounds that may parallel
the surface scarp
17. Strike-Slip Fault
A fault of any scale
along which
movement is parallel
to the strike of the
fault
18. Detachment Faults
Very large sub horizontal faults at midcrustal
depth where the brittle upper mantle has been
extended to “highly extended” domains
Detachment faults also contain “stable” areas
which do not extend nearly as much
19. Horsts
A fault block that has been uplifted relative to the
blocks on either side
22. Rift Valleys
Associated with
plateaus produced by
broad epeirogenic up
doming, crustal and
lithospheric thinning,
profuse volcanism,
and high heat flow
24. Fault-block Mountains
Occur in mostly arid regions where vegetation is
sparse and geological structures are boldly
exposed
25. Shutter Ridges
If a fault crosses gullies or ridges all the spur
ends or ridge crests will be displaced in the same
direction and will become half-displaced ridges
known as shutter ridges
26. Volcanism
Most volcanic processes are associated with
orogenic processes
Three main instances where they occur
1. In curved volcanic arcs that probably correspond
to early-stage subductive zones
2. In straight volcanic chains within post-tectonic
folded mountains
3. In lines of largely extinct volcanoes that formed
when lithospheric plates moved over persistent
mantle plumes (“hot spots”)
27. Hot Spots
Hot areas under plates
“Hot spots” produce long chains of volcanic
islands as the plate travels over them
Most “hot spots” are under plate
interiors, especially oceanic plates, some are
close to divergent plate boundaries and some are
near mid-oceanic ridges
