This document is an assignment on geological terms submitted by a civil engineering student. It contains summaries of key concepts including the six types of folds that occur in the earth's crust, the five types of faults, the layers of the earth and their properties, groundwater and aquifers, definitions of tunnels, and the major earthquake zones in Pakistan. The document provides diagrams and images to illustrate the different geological structures and features being summarized.
Physical Geography Lecture 09 - Water Resources (Ground water and ice) 110716angelaorr
Movement and locations of water. Underground water. Soil water belt, subsurface flow. Percolation. Porosity and Permeability. Hydrologic Zones. Zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, effluent and influent condition. Zone of confined water, aquaclude, aquifer, artesian well. Waterless zone. Groundwater management. Groundwater management issues. Aquifer recharge, cone of depression, subsidence, groundwater contamination. The case of Venice Italy. Hydrothermal activity. Hot springs, geysers, fumaroles. Permafrost, melting permafrost. Glaciers, alpine and continental glaciers. Melting glaciers. Lakes. Destruction of the Aral Sea. Swamps and marshes. Streams.
Physical Geography Lecture 09 - Water Resources (Ground water and ice) 110716angelaorr
Movement and locations of water. Underground water. Soil water belt, subsurface flow. Percolation. Porosity and Permeability. Hydrologic Zones. Zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, effluent and influent condition. Zone of confined water, aquaclude, aquifer, artesian well. Waterless zone. Groundwater management. Groundwater management issues. Aquifer recharge, cone of depression, subsidence, groundwater contamination. The case of Venice Italy. Hydrothermal activity. Hot springs, geysers, fumaroles. Permafrost, melting permafrost. Glaciers, alpine and continental glaciers. Melting glaciers. Lakes. Destruction of the Aral Sea. Swamps and marshes. Streams.
Wind has the ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Wind is one of the greatest agents of land erosion and transportation. The action of wind is very significant in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to profound wetness, wind cannot act in humid regions. Wind is capable of eroding, transporting and depositing the surface materials, in drylands. The landforms created by wind action are called as Aeolian landforms. The word “Aeolian” is derived from the Greek word “Aeolus”, meaning, the god of the winds.
Wind has the ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Wind is one of the greatest agents of land erosion and transportation. The action of wind is very significant in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to profound wetness, wind cannot act in humid regions. Wind is capable of eroding, transporting and depositing the surface materials, in drylands. The landforms created by wind action are called as Aeolian landforms. The word “Aeolian” is derived from the Greek word “Aeolus”, meaning, the god of the winds.
TABLE OF CONTENT
>Introduction
>General Morphology of Subduction Zone
>Ocean Trenches
>Back Arc Basins
>Accretionary Prism
>Variation in Zones Characteristics
>Structure of Zones from Earthquakes
>Thermal Structure of Down-going Slab
>Gravity Anomalies
>Volcanic and Plutonic Activity
>Metamorphism at convergent boundaries
A presentation about on-site slope monitoring methods to detect early slope failures and prevent any expected damage on site. Also presents a few scientific methods.
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying litho.docxmattinsonjanel
that is associated with broad upwarping of the overlying lithosphere (figure 5.1 iA). As a result, the lithosphere is stretched, causing the brittle crustal rocks to break into large slabs. As the tectonic forces continue to pull the crust apart, these crustal fragments sink, generating an elongated depression called a continental rift (figure 5.1 ib).
A modern example of an active continental rift is the East African Rift (figure s. i 2). Whether this rift will eventually result in the breakup of Africa is a topic of continued research. Nevertheless, the East African Rift is an excellent model of the initial stage in the breakup of a continent. Here, tensional forces have stretched and thinned the crust, allowing molten rock to ascend from the mantle. Evidence for recent volcanic activity includes several large volcanic mountains including Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the tallest peaks in Africa. Research suggests that if rifting continues, the rift valley will lengthen and deepen, eventually extending out to the margin of the landmass (r;<;ur.E 5.1 ic). At this point, the rift will become a narrow sea with an outlet to the ocean. The Red Sea, which formed when the Arabian Peninsula split from Africa, is a modern example of such a feature. Consequently, the Red Sea provides us with a view of how the Atlantic Ocean may have looked in its infancy (figure 5.1 id).
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Forces Within sSWHBe Plate Tectonics
New lithosphere is constantly being produced at the oceanic ridges; however, our planet is not growing larger—its total surface area remains constant. A balance is maintained because older, denser portions of oceanic lithosphere descend into the mantle at a rate equal to seafloor production. This activity occurs along convergent (con = together, vergere = to move) boundaries, where two plates move toward each other and the leading edge of one is bent downward, as it slides beneath the other.
Convergent boundaries are also called subduction zones, because they are sites where lithosphere is descending (being subducted) into the mantle. Subduction occurs because the density of the descending tectonic plate is greater than the density of the underlying asthenosphere. In general, oceanic lithosphere is more dense than the asthenosphere, whereas continental lithosphere is
(
Upwarping
figure 5.11
Continental rifting and the formation of a new ocean basin.
A.
The initial stage of con tinental rifting tends to include upwelling in the mantle that is associated with broad doming of the lith-osphere.Tensional forces and buoyant uplifting of the heated lithosphere cause the crust to be broken into large slabs.
b.
A
s the crust is pulled apart, large slabs of rock sink, generating a rift valley.
C.
Further spreading generates a narrow sea, similar to the present-day Red Sea.
D.
Eventually, an expansive ocean basin and ridge system are created.
)less dense and resists subduction. As a consequence, only oceanic lithosphere will subd ...
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Geology Terms
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
NAME: LATIF HYDER WADHO
BATCH: 13
ROLL NO: K13-CE-19
Assignment: Geological Terms
1 – Folds and Its types
2- Faults
3-Zones of Earthquakes
4-Ground Water
5- Aquifer
6- Tunnel
7- Earthquake Zones in Pakistan
Assigned By: Sir Heemu Karira
Date: 26/3/2014
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB CAMPUS
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
1-Folds
A fold is when the earth’s crust is pushed up from its sides
There are six types of folds that may occur:
1. Anticline
2. Syncline
3. Tight Fold
4. Over fold
5. Recumbent Fold
6. Nappe Fold
1.Anticline
An anticline occurs when a tectonic plate is compressed by movement of
other plates. This causes the center of the compressed plate to bend in
an upwards motion.
Fold Mountains are formed when the crust is pushed up as tectonic plates
collide. When formed, these mountains are usually enormous like the
newly formed Rocky Mountains in Western Canada and the United States
To the top right is a picture of an anticline. Beneath is a picture of the
Rocky Mountains.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
2.Syncline
A syncline is similar to an anticline, in that it is formed by the
compression of a tectonic plate. However, a syncline occurs when the
plate bends in a downward motion.
The lowest part of the syncline is known as the trough.
To the top right is a diagram of a syncline fold (The bottom of the fold
center is the trough). Beneath, is an example of a syncline in California.
Can you distinguish the trough in this picture?
3.Tight Fold
A tight fold is a sharp peaked anticline or syncline.
It is just a regular anticline or syncline, but was compressed with a greater
force causing the angle to be much smaller.
Folds such as these occur to form steep mountain slopes like those in
Whistler, British Columbia.
To the left is a photo of a tight fold formed by extreme pressure on these
rocks.
4.Over fold
An over fold takes place when folding rock becomes bent or warped.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
Sometimes the folds can become so disfigured that they may even
overlap each other.
An example of over folding is shown in the diagram below.
5.Recumbent Fold
This type of fold is compressed so much that it is no longer vertical.
There is a large extent of overlapping and it can take the form of an “s”.
To the right is a diagram that shows the process of recumbent folding
6.Nappe Fold
This fold is similar to a recumbent fold because of the extent of folding
and overlapping. However, nappe folding becomes so overturned that
rock layers become fractured.
To the right is a picture of someone standing under a fractured fold.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
2-FAULTS
A fault is when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so
great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart. This process can occur very
rapidly, in the form of earthquakes. The damage caused by this event can be
very destructive and cause severe changes to the earths surface.
There are five types of faults that can occur:
1. Normal Fault
2. Reverse Fault
3. Tear Fault
4. Rift Valley
5. Horst Fault
1.Normal Fault
This occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land
moving apart.
When the rocks move apart, the side with the less stable tectonic plate
drops below the side with the more stable plate.
On the top right is the movement of a normal fault. A picture is also
shown below. Notice the displacement of the different types of rock on
each side of the fault.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
2.Reverse Fault
Reverse faults are the opposite of normal faults. Rocks are compressed
such that one plate moves up while the other descends below it.
When plates compress and crack, usually the more dense one is forced
under the less dense one. This is similar to the action of the continental
crust colliding with the oceanic crust. Here the more dense crust, being
the oceanic crust is forced under the continental crust.
To the right is an animation of a reverse fault. Below that is a real picture
of what a reverse fault looks like.
3.Tear Fault
A tear fault, also known as a transform fault, occurs when two tectonic
plates slide in a lateral motion past each other.
This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they grind
against each other. These earthquakes can either be shallow or deep and
cause tremors over a short or long period of time.
Tear faults can occur frequently, especially along the coast of California.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
4.Rift Valley
A rift valley is when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the
land sinks between the faults.
There are two major examples of this. One being the Great Rift Valley in
North Africa and the other, the San Andreas Fault in California.
The top right picture is San Andreas Fault and on the bottom right is a
diagram of what a rift valley looks like
5. Horst Fault
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley. The land between the parallel
faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together.
This process can take a long time to occur because the average plate
movement is one inch per year.
There are examples of horst faults on the left.
3-Zones of Earth
From seismic studies it is known that the Earth is composed of several layers,
somewhat like the layers of an onion.
The outermost layer is the crust, composed mainly of compounds of aluminum
and silicates.
The next layer is the mantle, composed mainly of rocks containing iron and
magnesium silicates.
The innermost layer is the core, made up of mostly iron and nickel.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
THE ‘SPHERES’ OF EARTH
The crust and the upper portion of the mantle are together known as the
‘lithosphere.’
Much of Earth is covered by a layer of water or ice called the ‘hydrosphere’.
The thin layer of air that surrounds the Earth is the ‘atmosphere’.
The portion of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and solid land where life exists is
together known as the ‘biosphere’.
EARTH’S MANTLE
Unlike the crust, which is mostly hard rock, the mantle is a highly viscous plastic-
like material that can flow.
The molten mass in the mantle is in constant motion, which makes the
continental plates move.
The mantle is also the place where most gemstones such as diamonds and
garnets are formed.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
EARTH’S CORE
The core is divided into two layers, the outer core and the inner core.
Mainly made up of iron and nickel.
Temperatures range from 4,000C to 7,500C.
The outer core and the inner core together produce Earth’s magnetism.
Earth’s magnetism is what makes the magnetic compass work.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
4-Ground Water
Groundwater lies beneath the surface of the earth, but is affected by surface supply
Groundwater is affected by changes to all of the earth
Earth’s spheres due to linkage through the hydrologic cycle
Percolation
Water percolates downward through permeable rock through the zone of
aeration rock pores are unsaturated by water, many contain air Water then
accumulates in the zone of saturation
all rock pores contain water The water table is the upper surface of the zone of
saturation its surface follows the contours of the ground above the water table
controls the movement of surface water
Porosity describes the size, shape, arrangement, cementation, and compaction of subsurface
material Permeable/Impermeable whether or not a subsurface structure permits the flow of
water.
Groundwater mining
The act of removing water from an aquifer at a rate greater than its flow and
recharge capacities Collapsing aquifers: water in aquifers often provide support
for the porous rock, its removal could result in the rock collapsing, in which case
the capacity of the aquifer is greatly reduced.
Groundwater comprises a large percentage of freshwater resources
5- Aquifer
A layer of rock that is permeable to water flow in useable amounts
unconsolidated aquifer: loose sand and gravel consolidated aquifer: porous
rock, often sandstone or limestone
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
Confined Aquifer
A layer of permeable rock between two impermeable layers �An aquifer
between two aquicludes
Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer without an overlying aquiclude
Perched Aquifer
An aquifer created by a small aquiclude at a higher level than the water table
6- Tunnel
A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage way, enclosed except for
entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A tunnel is relatively long and
narrow; the length is often much greater than twice the diameter.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SZAB
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
7- Earthquake Zones in Pakistan
Followings are the major affected earthquake zones of Pakistan
1-KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
OCTOBER 8, 2005 8:50 AM OCTOBER 8, 2005
Magnitude 7.6
10 KM (6 MI) DEPTH
79,000 DEAD IN PAKISTAN
3 MILLION HOMELESS
2- Shahbandar sindh Magnitude 8
3-Kahan Baluchistan Magnitude 8
4-Sibi Baluchistan Magnitude 7
5-Muzaffarabad Magnitude 7.8
6-Hunza Magnitude 6.2
7-Ziarat Disstt Quetta Magnitude 6.4
8- Awran Baluchistan Magnitude 7.8
The 2013 Earthquake
The 2013 Pakistan Earthquake was a Magnitude 7.7 that Took Place on 24
September, with an epicenter 66 km north-northeast of Awaran in the Province
of Baluchistan At Least 825 were killed
-THE END-