This document provides an introduction to pavement design concepts, including the different types of pavements, principles of pavement design, failure criteria, and pavement thickness design approaches. It discusses flexible and rigid pavements, and how stresses are distributed differently in each. It also covers design life, performance and failure criteria, and the relative damage concept used to quantify traffic loads. Finally, it summarizes the empirical and mechanistic-empirical methods for determining pavement thickness to meet structural and functional requirements over the design life.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
topics which are discussed in this slide are,
1) pavement and requirement for pavement design.
2) Rigid and flexible pavement .
3) pavement design method.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
topics which are discussed in this slide are,
1) pavement and requirement for pavement design.
2) Rigid and flexible pavement .
3) pavement design method.
Pavement design is the process of developing the most economical combination of pavement layers (in relation to both thickness and type of materials) to suit the soil foundation and the traffic to be carried during the design life.
Heavy duty pavements are pavements subjected to the extremely heavy wheel loads associated with freight handling vehicles in industrial facilities, such as container terminals and warehouses. Heavy duty pavement need to handle many types of freight handling vehicles, such as forklifts, straddle carriers, gantry cranes and side loaders. Heavy duty pavement often deals with slow moving or even static traffic load with ultra high load magnitude. Furthermore, the load wandering for heavy duty pavement such as contain port or warehouse is more significant than normal highway or urban road pavement. The goal of pavement design is to determine the number, material composition and thickness of the different layers within a pavement structure required to accommodate a given loading regime.
Heavy duty pavements are pavements subjected to the extremely heavy wheel loads associated with freight handling vehicles in industrial facilities, such as container terminals and warehouses. Heavy duty pavement need to handle many types of freight handling vehicles, such as forklifts, straddle carriers, gantry cranes and side loaders. The purpose of pavement design is to determine the number, material composition and thickness of different layers within a pavement structure required to accommodate a given loading condition.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution. The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub-grade. Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
Get an overview of pavement types, layers, and their functions, and pavement failures as Improper design of pavements leads to early failure of pavements affecting the riding quality.
Pavements form the basic supporting structure in highway transportation. Each layer of pavement has a multitude of functions to perform which has to be duly considered during the design process. Different types of pavements can be adopted depending upon the traffic requirements.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
3. Pavement
Types of Pavement
Principal of Pavement Design
Failure Criteria
Aspects of Pavement Design
Relative Damage Concept
Pavement Thickness Design approaches
Empirical Method
Mechanistic-Empirical Method
4. PAVEMENTPAVEMENT
The pavement is the structure which
separates the tyres of vehicles from the
underlying foundation material. The later is
generally the soil but it may be structural
concrete or a steel bridge deck.
6. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTSFLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
Flexible Pavements are
constructed from bituminous or
unbound material and the stress is
transmitted to the sub-grade
through the lateral distribution of
the applied load with depth.
10. RIGID PAVEMENTSRIGID PAVEMENTS
Thus in contrast with flexible pavements the
depressions which occur beneath the rigid
pavement are not reflected in their running
surfaces.
In rigid pavements the stress is transmitted
to the sub-grade through beam/slab effect.
Rigid pavements contains sufficient beam
strength to be able to bridge over localized
sub-grade failures and areas of inadequate
support.
12. PRINCIPLES OF PAVEMENTPRINCIPLES OF PAVEMENT
DESIGNDESIGN
The tensile and compressive stresses induced in a
pavement by heavy wheel loads decrease with increasing
depth. This permits the use, particularly in flexible
pavements, of a gradation of materials, relatively strong
and expensive materials being used for the surfacing and
less strong and cheaper ones for base and sub-base.
The pavement as a whole limit the stresses in the sub-
grade to an acceptable level, and the upper layers must in
a similar manner protect the layers below.
13. Pavement design is the process of developing the
most economical combination of pavement layers
(in relation to both thickness and type of
materials) to suit the soil foundation and the
traffic to be carried during the design life.
PRINCIPLES OF PAVEMENTPRINCIPLES OF PAVEMENT
DESIGNDESIGN
14. DESIGN LIFEDESIGN LIFE
The concept of design life has to be
introduced to ensure that a new road will
carry the volume of traffic associated with
that life without deteriorating to the point
where reconstruction or major structural
repair is necessary
15. • Pavements are alive structures
• They are subjected to moving traffic loads that are
repetitive in nature
• Each traffic load repetition causes a certain amount of
damage to the pavement structure that gradually
accumulates over time and eventually leads to the pavement
failure.
• Thus, pavements are designed to perform for a certain
life span before reaching an unacceptable degree of
deterioration.
• In other words, pavements are designed to fail. Hence,
they have a certain design life.
Philosophy of PavementsPhilosophy of Pavements
16. For roads in Britain the currently
recommended design is 20 years for
flexible pavements.
DESIGN LIFEDESIGN LIFE
17. PERFORMANCE AND FAILUREPERFORMANCE AND FAILURE
CRITERIACRITERIA
A road should be designed and constructed
to provide a riding quality acceptable for
both private cars and commercial vehicles
and must perform the functions i.e.
functional and structural, during the design
life.
18. PERFORMANCE AND FAILUREPERFORMANCE AND FAILURE
CRITERIACRITERIA
If the rut depth increases beyond 10mm or the
beginning of cracking occurs in the wheel paths,
this is considered to be a critical stage and if the
depth reaches 20mm or more or severe cracking
occurs in the wheel paths then the pavement is
considered to have failed, and requires a
substantial overlay or reconstruction in
accordance with LR 833.
20. Granular base/Sub-base
Sub-grade
Bituminous bound Material
Typical Strains in Three Layered SystemTypical Strains in Three Layered System
Elastic Modulus ’E1’
Poison’s Ratio ‘ v1’
Thickness ‘H1’
Elastic Modulus ’E2’
Poison’s Ratio ‘ v2’
Thickness ’H2’
Maximum Tensile Strain at Bituminous Layer
Maximum Compressive on the top of the sub-grade
Er
Ez
Elastic Modulus ’E3’
Poison’s Ratio ‘ v3’
21. log N = -9.38 - 4.16 logεr (Fatigue, bottom of bituminous layer)
log N = - 7.21 - 3.95 logεz (Deformation, top of the sub-grade)
εr = is the permissible tensile strain at the bottom of the
bituminous layer
εz = is the permissible Compressive strain at the top of the
sub-grade.
The following relationship can be used to calculate
permissible tensile and compressive strains by
limiting strain criterion for 85% probability of
survival to a design life of N repetition of 80 kN
axles and an equivalent pavement temperature of
20°C;
24. RUDIMENTARY DEFINITION
Pavement Thickness Design is the determination of required
thickness of various pavement layers to protect a given soil
condition for a given wheel load.
Pavement Thickness Design is the determination of required
thickness of various pavement layers to protect a given soil
condition for a given wheel load.
Given Wheel Load
150 Psi
3 Psi
Given In Situ Soil Conditions
Asphalt Concrete Thickness?
Base Course Thickness?
Subbase Course Thickness?
31. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ?WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ?
PREDICTED DESIGN TRAFFIC
32. Traffic Loads Characterization
Pavement Thickness Design Are Developed
To Account For The Entire
Spectrum Of Traffic Loads
Cars Pickups Buses Trucks Trailers
34. Equivalent
Standard ESAL
Axle Load
18000 - Ibs
(8.2 tons)
Damage per
Pass = 1
• Axle loads bigger than 8.2 tons cause damage greater
than one per pass
• Axle loads smaller than 8.2 tons cause damage less than
one per pass
• Load Equivalency Factor (L.E.F) = (? Tons/8.2 tons)4
RELATIVE DAMAGE CONCEPT
35. Consider two single axles A and B where:
A-Axle = 16.4 tons
Damage caused per pass by A -Axle = (16.4/8.2)4
= 16
This means that A-Axle causes same amount of damage per
pass as caused by 16 passes of standard 8.2 tons axle i.e,
8.2 Tons
Axle
16.4 Tons
Axle
=
36. B-Axle = 4.1 tons
Damage caused per pass by B-Axle = (4.1/8.2)4
= 0.0625
This means that B-Axle causes only 0.0625 times damage per
pass as caused by 1 pass of standard 8.2 tons axle.
In other works, 16 passes (1/0.625) of B-Axle cause same amount
of damage as caused by 1 pass of standard 8.2 tons axle i.e.,
Consider two single axles A and B where:
=
4.1 Tons Axle 8.2 Tons Axle
38. PAVEMENT THICKNESS DESIGN
Comprehensive Definition
Pavement Thickness Design is the determination of
thickness of various pavement layers (various
paving materials) for a given soil condition and the
predicted design traffic in terms of equivalent
standard axle load that will provide the desired
structural and functional performance over the
selected pavement design life.
40. EMPIRICAL PROCEDURES
• These procedures are derived from experience (observed
field performance) of in-service pavements and or “Test
Sections”
• These procedures are only accurate for the exact
conditions for which they were developed and may be invalid
outside the range of variables used in their development.
• EXAMPLE
•AASHTO Procedure (USA)
•Road Note Procedure (UK)
between
Pavement
performance
, traffic
loads &
pavement
thickness
for
A given set of
paving materials
and soils,
geographic
location and
climatic
conditions
• These procedures define the interaction
41. EMPIRICAL PROCEDURES
These methods or models are generally used to
determine the required pavement thickness, the
umber of load applications required to cause
failure, or the occurrence of distress due to
pavement material properties, sub-grade type,
climate, and traffic conditions.
42. One advantage in using empirical models is that
they tend to be simple and easy to use.
Unfortunately they are usually only accurate for
the exact conditions for which they have been
developed. They may be invalid outside of the
range of variables used in the development of the
method
EMPIRICAL PROCEDURES
43. AASHTO PROCEDURE
Empirical Procedure developed through statistical
analysis of the observed performance of AASHTO
Road Test Sections.
AASHTO Road Test was conducted from 1958 to 1960
near Ottawa, Illinois, USA.
234 “Test Sections” (160 feet long), each
incorporating a different combination of
thicknesses of Asphalt Concrete, Base Course and
Subbase Course were constructed and trafficked to
investigate the effect of pavement layer thickness
on pavement performance.
44. 178
Utica
UticaRoad
23
2371
71
US
6
North
US
6
Ottawa
Loop 4Loop 5
Loop 6Loop 3
Frontage Road
Frontage Road
Maintenance Building
AASHO Adm’n
12
Proposed FA 1 Route 80
Army Barracks
Pre-stressed /
Reinforced Concrete
Typical Loop
XX
X X
XX
X X
Test Tangent
Test Tangent
Rigid
Flexible
Steel I-Beam
46. AXLE WEIGHTS & DISTRIBUTIONS USED ON VARIOUS LOOPS OF THE ASSHO ROAD TEST
LOOP LANE
LOAD LOAD
1
FRONT LOAD
2
2
WEIGHT IN TONS
0.9 0.9
FRONT AXLE LOAD AXLE GROSS WEIGHT
1.8
0.9 2.7 3.6
FRONT LOAD
1
FRONT LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
4
FRONT LOAD
1
FRONT LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
3
FRONT LOAD
1
FRONT LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
6
FRONT LOAD
1
FRONT LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
5
1.8 5.5 12.7
2.7 10.9 24.6
2.7 8.2 19.1
4.1 14.6 33.2
2.7 10.2 23.2
4.1 18.2 40.5
4.1 13.6 31.4
5.5 21.8 49.1
47. AASHO ROAD TEST
•“Test Sections” were subjected to 1.114 million applications of load.
• Performance measurements (roughness, rutting, cracking etc.) were
taken at regular intervals and were used to develop statistical
performance prediction models that eventually became the basis for the
current AASHTO Design procedure.
• AASHTO performance model/procedure determines for a given soil
condition, the thickness of Asphalt Concrete, Base Course and Subbase
Course needed to sustain the predicted amount of traffic (in terms of 8.2
tons ESALs) before deteriorating to some selected level of ride quality.
ESALs
Terminal
Initial
RIDE
Asphalt Concrete = ?
Base = ?
Subbase = ?
Soil
48. LIMITATIONS OF THE AASHTO EMPIRICAL PROCEDURE
AASHTO being an EMPIRICAL
procedure is applicable to the
AASHO Road TEST conditions
under which it was developed.
49. MECHANISTIC-EMPIRICAL PROCEDURES
These procedures, as the name implies, have two parts:
=> A mechanistic part in which a structural model
(theory) is used to calculate stresses, strains and
deflections induced by traffic and environmental
loading.
=> An empirical part in which distress models are used
to predict the future performance of the pavement
structure.
The distress models are typically developed from the
laboratory data and calibrated with the field
data.
EXAMPLES
• Asphalt Institute Procedure (USA)
• SHRP Procedure (USA)
50. Mechanistic- Empirical Methods
The mechanistic –empirical method of design is
based on the mechanics of materials that relates
an input, such as a wheel load, to an out put or
pavement response, such as stress or strain. The
response values are used to predict distress based
on laboratory test and field performance data.
Dependence on observed performance is
necessary because theory alone has not proven
sufficient to design pavements realistically
51. Kerkhoven and Dormon (1953) first suggested the use
of vertical compressive strain on the surface of sub-
grade as a failure criterion to reduce permanent
deformation, while Saal and Pell(1960) recommended
the use of horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of
asphalt layer to minimize fatigue cracking. The use of
above concepts for pavement design was first presented
in the United States by Dormon and Metcalf (1965)
Mechanistic- Empirical Methods
52. By limiting the elastic strains on the sub-grade, the
elastic strains in other components above the sub-grade
will also be controlled; hence, the magnitude of
permanent deformation on the pavement surface will
be controlled as well. These two criteria have since
been adopted by Shell Petroleum International
(Claussen et al., 1977) and the Asphalt Institute (Shook
et al., 1982) in their mechanistic-empirical methods of
design, the ability to predict the types of distress, and
the feasibility to extrapolate from limited field and
laboratory data.
Mechanistic- Empirical Methods
53. Researchers assumes that mechanistic -
empirical design procedures will model a
pavement more accurately than empirical
equations. The primary benefits that could
result from the successful application of
mechanistic empirical procedures include:
Mechanistic - Empirical Design Approach
54. The ability to predict the occurrence of
specific types of distress.
Stress dependency of both the subgrade and
base course.
The time and temperature dependency of the
asphaltic layers.
Benefits of Mechanistic - Empirical
Design Approach
55. Estimates of the consequences of new loading conditions
can be evaluated. For example, the damaging effects of
increased loads, high tire pressures, and multiple axles,
can be modeled by using mechanistic processes.
Better utilization of available materials can be
accomplished by simulating the effects of varying the
thickness and location of layers of stabilized local
materials.
Seasonal effects can be included in performance
estimates.
Benefits of Mechanistic - Empirical
Design Approach
56. One of the most significant benefits of these methods is
the ability to structurally analyze and extrapolate the
predicted performance of virtually any flexible pavement
design from limited amounts of field or laboratory data
prior to full scale construction applications. This offers
the potential to save time and money by initially
eliminating from consideration those concepts that have
been analyzed and are judged to have little merit.
Benefits of Mechanistic - Empirical
Design Approach
57. One of the biggest drawbacks to the use of
mechanistic design methods is that these methods
require more comprehensive and sophisticated data
than typical empirical design techniques. The modulus
of resilience, creep compliance, dynamic modulus,
Poisson's ratio, etc., have replaced arbitrary terms for
sub-grade and material strength used in earlier
empirical techniques.
Draw Back of Mechanistic - Empirical
Design Procedures
58. However, the potential benefits are believed
to far outweigh the drawbacks. In summary,
mechanistic-empirical design procedures offer
the best opportunity to improved pavement
design technology for the next several decades.
59. SOURCES OF PREMATURE PAVEMENT FAILURE
ThicknessDesign
Construction Practices
&
Quality Control
MaterialDesign
Inadequately Designed Pavements Will Fail Prematurely Inspite
Of Best Quality Control & Construction Practices
ThicknessDesign
MaterialDesign
Construction Practices
&
Quality Control
MaterialDesign
ThicknessDesign
Construction Practices
&
Quality Control
60. Causes of Premature Failure in Pakistan
Causes of premature failure of pavements in
Pakistan
Rutting due to high variations in ambient
temperature
Uncontrolled heavy axle loads
Limitations of pavement design
procedures to meet local environmental
conditions
61. COMPARISON OF TRUCK DAMAGE
PAKISTAN Vs USA
1
2 8
7
6
5
4
3
14
13
12
11
10
9
18
17
16
15
22
21
20
19