CURRENT HEALTH PROBLEMS AND ITS SOLUTION BY AYURVEDA.pptx
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
1.
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• History
• Components
• Data structure
• Procedure
• Application of GIS
• Remote sensing
• GPS
• SWOT analysis of GIS
3. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
SYSTEM
• Computer database management and mapping programme that
organizes, stores and displays large amount of multipurpose
information
• Geographic – location – geocoding
• Information – data in GIS – yield useful knowledge
• System – several interrelated and linked components
• Database system
• Analysis system
4. • HISTORY
• Hippocrates – location
can influence the
health
• John Snow 1854 –
cholera outbreak -spot
map
5. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
• Information refers to the location of earth’s surface
• What, where, why?
• What is attribute? Where is location? Why is analytical?
6. Components
• Hardware – central servers to desktop
• Software – for mapping, DBMS, analysis
• Data – spatial and non-spatial
• People
• Methods and procedures
8. Data structure
DATA
GRAPHIC(SPATIAL)
VECTOR
CO-ORDINATE
SYSTEM
ALPHA-NUMERIC
(NON-SPATIAL)
RASTER
IMAGE
ARERAL POTO
REMOTE SENSED
SCANNED IMAGES
9. GRAPHIC – SPATIAL DATA
• Maps and map elements
• Maps – graphic representation of area perception
• Provide 2 types of information
• Locational
• Spatial relationship
10. Maps
• Features and surfaces
• Features
• Point features – single geographic coordinate
• Line features – series of coordinates join to form line
• Area features – series of coordinates join to form boundaries
• Surfaces
• Topography , temperature , air pressure
11. Point Features
• Spatially distributed entities, activities or events
• Points have a single geographic coordinate such as:
• Tree
• Lamp post
12. Line Features
• Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographic coordinates
joined to form a line such as:
• Road
• Stream
• Railway
13. Area Features
• Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic
coordinates joined together to form a boundary
such as:
• Lake
• Soil types
15. SPATIAL DATA
Raster
Vector
Data Model And Structure
RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL
16.
17. Attribute Data
• Attributes can be numeric or alfanumeric data
that is assigned to a point, line or area spatial
features
• Example
• Name/number of the building, Road name etc
18. Procedure
1. spatial data acquisition with computers
2. spatial data processing – image to vectorized data
3. query and analysis
Spatial analysis
Proximity
Overlay
Network analysis
4. data display
5. data output
6. decision and policy making
19.
20.
21. Querying GIS data
• Attribute query
• Select features using attribute data
• Results can be mapped or presented in conventional database form
• Can be used to produce maps of subsets of the data
• Spatial query
• Clicking on features on the map to find out their attribute values
• Used in combination these are a powerful way of exploring spatial
patterns in your data
22. Attribute query: Lung disease in the 1860s
Spatial data: Registration
Districts, 1/1/1870
Attribute data: Mortality
rate per 1,000 from lung
disease among men aged
45-64
Source: Registrar
General’s Decennial
Supplement, 1871
Query: Select areas
where mortality rate >
58.0
23. Spatial query: Lung disease in the 1860s
District: Alston with
Garrigill
County: Cumberland
M_rate: 68.4
25. ANALYSIS – OVERLAY METHOD
Joins two layers to create a new layer
The output layer will contain both the spatial
AND attribute data from both of the input layers
28. APPLICATION OF GIS
• Construction disease maps
• Analyzing trends over space and time
• Mapping populations at risk
29.
30. Spatial Analysis
• Mapping spatial patterns of risk
• Assessing disease clustering
• Obtain new insight into possible methods of exposure
31.
32.
33.
34. Public Health Practice
• Find out geographical distribution and variation of diseases
• Analyze spatial and temporal trends
• Identify gaps in immunization
• Map populations at risk and stratify risk factors
• Document health care needs of a community and assess resource allocations
• Forecast epidemics
35. • Plan and target interventions
• Monitor diseases and interventions over time
• Manage patient care environments, materials, supplies and human resources
• Monitor the utilisation of health centres
• Route health workers, equipments and supplies to service locations
• Publish health information using maps on the Internet
• Locate the nearest health facility.
36.
37. REMOTE SENSING
• Real information of geography at real times through Satellites.
• Started in 1970’s with the prime objective of obtaining Information
about Natural Resources.
• LANDSAT – 1….6 was the first Satellite series launched in the
World by Europian Countries.
• Indian Space Programme (Dept. of Space) was set up in 1972.
42. False and True Color Composites
False Colour Composite True Colour Composite
NIR Red Green Red Green Blue
43. MSI in health
• Retinal Health Assessment is a multispectral imaging
• (MSI) device that is useful for the early detection of optic nerve and
retinal disease
44.
45. GPS
• space-based satellite navigation
system
• provides location and time
information in all weather
conditions, anywhere on or near
the Earth
• where there is an unobstructed line
of sight to four or more GPS
satellites
46.
47. SWOT ANALYSIS
• STRENGTH
• Fast and efficient
• Better insight in spatial patterns and of spatial needs
• GIS allows for multilevel modeling
• Useful in exploratory research
• Possibility to do predictions
• Visualization of time series
• Saves time
48. WEAKNESS
• The complexity of the software
• Costs of the software
• limitations associated with data sources and data validity
• The clarity of certain maps can be misleading
• overlook important humanitarian aspects
49. OPPORTUNITIES
• Spread information derived from the data to a broad public
• Costs of data are likely to go down
• The costs and the availability of software will go down
THREAT
• Epidemiologists are often not educated and not aware
• Data, facilities and skilled staff are needed
• Confidentiality cannot be guaranteed