DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTOR Raster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTOR Raster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
An introduction to GIS Data Types. Strengths and weaknesses of raster and vector data are discussed. Also covered is the importance of topology. Concludes with a discussion of the vector-based format of OpenStreetMap data.
Introduction to GIS - Basic spatial concepts - Coordinate Systems - GIS and Information Systems – Definitions – History of GIS - Components of a GIS – Hardware, Software, Data, People, Methods – Proprietary and open source Software - Types of data – Spatial, Attribute data- types of attributes – scales/ levels of measurements.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
An introduction to GIS Data Types. Strengths and weaknesses of raster and vector data are discussed. Also covered is the importance of topology. Concludes with a discussion of the vector-based format of OpenStreetMap data.
Introduction to GIS - Basic spatial concepts - Coordinate Systems - GIS and Information Systems – Definitions – History of GIS - Components of a GIS – Hardware, Software, Data, People, Methods – Proprietary and open source Software - Types of data – Spatial, Attribute data- types of attributes – scales/ levels of measurements.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geoinformatics. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and computer science technology.
Presentasi Pemetaan Digital untuk Materi Ajar Diklat Pengukuran, Pemetaan, dan GIS, Balai Diklat PU Wilayah 3 Yogyakarta 7-11 Oktober 2014
Slide Credits
1. Komang Sri Hartini, Pusat Pengolahan Data Kementerian PU
2. Arif Aditya, Badan Informasi Geospasial
3. SOKKIA Technical Team Indonesia
4. Soma Tranggana, Badan Informasi Geospasial
Tutorial penyusunan layer peta & pembuatan layout di arcgisEgi Septiana
Dibuat menggunakan software Arcgis 10.1 dengan layer penyusun peta yang sudah ada sebelumnya.
Untuk medapatkan tutorial lainnya silahkan kunjungi http://egibrew123.blogspot.com
Modul GIS (QGIS) Diklat GPS dan GIS BPSDM Kementerian PUPR, April 2016bramantiyo marjuki
Modul GIS Diklat GPS dan Pemetaan Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, Dilaksanakan di Yogyakarta 29 Maret - 2 April 2016
GIS (Geographic Information System): is computer assisted system used for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purpose.
TYBSC IT PGIS Unit I Chapter I- Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsArti Parab Academics
A Gentle Introduction to GIS The nature of GIS: Some fundamental observations, Defining GIS, GISystems, GIScience and GIApplications, Spatial data and Geoinformation. The real world and representations of it: Models and modelling, Maps, Databases, Spatial databases and spatial analysis
The basic intention of this presentation is to help the beginners in GIS to understand what GIS is? It is a simple presentation about GIS, i mean an introductory one. Hope anyone finds it useful.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. GIS ?
Everyone has their own favorite definition of a GIS, and there are many to
choose from.
Ex:
A container of maps in digital form (The general public)
A mechanized inventory of geographically distributed features and
facilities. (Utility managers, transportation officials, resource managers)
1
3. GIS ?
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based information
system that enables capture, modelling, manipulation, retrieval, analysis
and presentation of geographically referenced data.
Two of the most important technologies underlying GIS are database
systems and computer graphics.
One way of understanding GIS is to look at its application.
2
5. Schematic of a GIS 4
At the heart of any GIS is the database. The data that are held in the
database are given context and meaning by the application domain(s) and
then take on an informational value.
Data are only useful when they are part of a structure of interrelationships
that forms the context of the data. Such a context is partly provided by the
data model.
6. GIS Vs. Traditional IS 5
Most traditional IS, require only limited presentational forms, usually based
around tables of data, numerical computation and textual commentary.
But in GIS, the spatial nature of the information allows a whole new range
of possibilities, including cartographic forms and visualization techniques.
7. Why Does GIS Matter?
Almost everything that happens, happens somewhere. Knowing where
something happens can be critically important.
Problems that involve an aspect of location, either in the information used
to solve them or in the solutions themselves, are termed geographic
problems. Ex (where to locate new Clinic)
6
9. Classification of Geographic Problems
1- Scale or level of geographic detail is an essential property of any GIS
project.
2- Some problems are strictly practical in nature, But others are better
characterized as driven by human curiosity. The Difference Between them is
Purpose! (Normative Vs. Positive)
3- Time Scale for different Problem, Widely changed !
(Ex: Geomorphologic Problem Vs. Traffic Problems)
8
10. Why GIS is Special?
1- Multidimensional
2- Voluminous
3- Time Consuming to Analyze
4- Complex and Expensive (Update)
5- Multi Resolution representation
9
11. Geospatial Vs. Geographic
Geographic : Geographic refers to the Earth surface and near surface
Spatial : Spatial refers to any space not only the space of the Earth’s
surface;
Geospatial : implying a subset of spatial applied specifically to the Earth’s
surface and near surface.
10
13. Knowledge Vs. Information
3 Important Difference:
1- Knowledge entails a knower
2- Knowledge is harder to detach from the knower than information
3- Knowledge requires much more assimilation – we digest it rather than
hold it
12
14. Knowledge
2 Type:
1- codified
2- tacit
Knowledge about how the world works is more valuable than knowledge
about how it looks, because such knowledge can be used to predict.
(Idiographic Vs. Nomothetic)
13
15. History of GIS
The first GIS was the Canada Geographic Information System, designed in
the mid-1960s
ODYSSEY GIS of the late 1970s
The first automated cartography developments occurred in the 1960s
The modern history of GIS dates from the early 1980s, when the price of
sufficiently powerful computers fell below a critical threshold
14
22. Communications 21
Only in the ideal world is it the case that the signal transmitted is equal to
the signal received, In the real world degradations occur:
1- Attenuation
2- Delay
3- Noise
23. Communications 22
Networks:
1- wide-area network (WAN): a network of computers spread over a large
area.
2- A local-area network (LAN): a network of computers spread over a small
area.
24. Communications 23
Client-server computing:
Client-server computing is a form of distributed computing in which some
stations act as servers and some as clients.
A server holds data and services available for transmission to other
stations, clients, in the network.
25. Communications 24
Type of Messages in Client-Server Architecture:
requests from client to server.
replies from server to client.
events from server to client.
errors.
26. The Business of a GIS 25
1- Software Industry
2- Data Industry
3- GI Service Industry
4- Publishing Industry
5- GIS Education
