- Contraception aims to prevent fertility on a temporary or permanent basis through various female and male methods. Effectiveness depends on factors like motivation, education, and proper use. - Natural family planning methods include calendar/basal body temperature/cervical mucus monitoring but have a high failure rate. Barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms and spermicides are safer options. - Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs, implants and injections have very low failure rates but side effects can include irregular bleeding and potential risks. Sterilization is highly effective but usually permanent.

1. Fertility Control Reynel Dan L. Galicinao

2. Basic principles

3. Contraception - prevention of fertility on a temporary basis Sterilization - permanent prevention of fertility Female and male sterilization procedures Some procedures can be reversed but with possible complications and variable success rates It is best to include both partners in any contraception decision

6. Natural methods

9. Basal body temperature - drops immediately before ovulation and rises 24-72 hours after ovulation

11. Inexpensive

12. May be religiously acceptable

13. Increased knowledge of cycles

14. 20% failure rate

15. Requires consistent record-keeping

18. No health hazards

19. Always available

20. Failure rate of 19%; preejaculatory fluid may contain sperm

23. No cost

24. Unreliable

26. NURSING ALERT Warn patients who use condoms, diaphragms, and the cervical cap that latex sensitivity may be a problem Watch for itching, swelling, generalized reactions

27. Condom (male and female) Latex or polyurethane or processed collagenous tissue sheaths Placed over erect penis to prevent semen from entering vagina Female condom is placed in the vagina Place condom over erect penis

31. Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

32. Inexpensive

33. No health hazard

34. Decreased sensitivity

35. Interruption of sexual act

36. Sensitivity to latex may be a problem

38. Increases male involvement in contraception

42. Protection against STDs and possibly cervical neoplasia

43. Occasional toxic shock or allergic reactions

44. May experience pelvic discomfort

45. Possible increase in urinary tract infections

47. spermicides

49. May decrease risk of STDs

50. Risk of toxic shock, cervicitis, and PID

51. Requires frequent follow-up

53. Jelly

54. Cream

55. Suppository

56. TabletPlace next to cervix before intercourse Better if used with a barrier method

58. Sold over-the-counter

59. Less effective if not used with barrier method; generally, 21% failure rate

60. Some patients are allergic

61. Increases risk of UTI

63. IUD Small device made of plastic with exposed copper or progesterone-release system Acts to inhibit uterine wall implantation Health care provider inserts device; slowly and usually at time of menses Check intrauterine device string regularly (at least once per month) or after each intercourse when it is first inserted

65. Advantages Disadvantages Failure rate low, 2% or less Convenient Permits spontaneous intercourse Replaced every 10 years, depending on manufacturer recommendations Risk of PID and resultant tubal damage and infertility May cause spotting, bleeding, or pain Risk of spontaneous abortion Risk of uterine rupture (rare)

66. hormones

68. Combination Oral Contraceptives Tablets containing estrogen to inhibit ovulation and progestin to make cervical mucus impenetrable to sperm Lowest effective doses are used Take for 21 days with 7 days off Or 28 days (if 7 days of placebos are included)

70. Decreased risk of endometriosis, ovarian and endometrial cancer, benign breast disease

71. Possible decreased risk of PID

72. Serious adverse reactions include:

73. Thrombophlebitis

74. Pulmonary embolism

75. Myocardial infarction

76. Cerebral embolism

78. Improves acne

79. Questionable risk of breast, cervical cancer

80. May experience:

81. Nausea

82. Vomiting

83. Headache

84. Weight gain

87. Avoids estrogen-related adverse effects and possibly cardiovascular risks

88. May offer protection against PID

89. Safe in breast-feeding

90. May cause:

91. Irregular menses

92. Spotting

95. Avoids first pass metabolism through liver

96. Same as oral hormones

99. Avoids first-pass metabolism through the liver

100. Same as oral contraceptives

102. High-dose estrogen

103. ProgestinMust be started within 24-72 hours after intercourse

105. May be religiously opposed

106. Can cause nausea

109. Convenient

110. Only 0.9% failure rate

111. May cause:

112. Irregular bleeding

113. Spotting

114. Amenorrhea

115. Acne

116. Headaches

117. May be difficult to remove

119. Advantages Disadvantages Convenient Only 0.3% failure rate Requires every 3-month follow-up May cause irregular bleeding, spotting, amenorrhea Long-term effects still unknown High discontinuation rate in adolescents due to adverse effects and missed appointments

120. Combination Hormonal Injection Estrogen and progesterone in long-acting injection form Initial injection within 5 days of menses, then every 28-30 days

122. Low failure rate

123. Regular menses

124. Requires monthly follow-up

126. Progesterone antagonist

127. RU-486 (Mifepristone) Drug that prevents implantation and leads to menses (medical abortion) Given orally within 10 days of a missed period May be combined with prostaglandin suppository

129. May be religiously opposed

130. May cause:

131. Nausea

132. Bleeding

134. Tubal sterilization

136. burn section of tube with or without excision

141. Complications Failure to successfully block the tubes Pregnancy or tubal pregnancy Hemorrhage Infection Uterine perforation Damage to bowel, bladder, or aorta

142. Nursing Interventions Assess motivation for sterilization and level of knowledge about the procedure Counsel as necessary Teach patient there is no effect on hormones and menstruation will continue Teach patient there should not be any adverse effect on sexual response

143. Other birth control methods are discontinued immediately before the procedure Prepare the patient to expect some abdominal soreness for several days Instruct her to report any bleeding, increasing pain, or fever Sexual intercourse and strenuous activity should be avoided for 2 weeks

145. Short recovery

146. Leaves small or no scar

147. Quickly performed

148. Permanent

149. Reversal difficult and expensive

151. Expensive at the time performed

152. If failure, high probability of ectopic pregnancy

154. Vasectomy Male sterilization Ligation and transection of part of the vas deferens, with or without removal of a segment of the vas deferens The spermatozoa, which are manufactured in the testes, cannot travel up the vas deferens after this surgery.

157. Relieves the female of the contraceptive burden

158. Inexpensive in the long run

159. Permanent

160. Expensive in the short term

161. Serious long-term effects suggested (although currently unproved)

163. Very safe

164. Quickly performed

165. Regret in 5%–10% of patients

166. No protection against STDs, including HIV