Circulation through Special Regions -characteristics and regulation
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Learning Objectives: Contrast the neural and local control of circulations through special regions. Compare the physiological significance of variation in circulations through special regions. Content Overview: This lecture provides a comprehensive exploration of circulation in specialized regions of the body, including coronary, cerebral, splanchnic, cutaneous, fetal, skeletal muscle, and pulmonary circulations. The physiological and anatomical considerations, regulation mechanisms, and unique features of each type of circulation are discussed. Key concepts such as autoregulation, local metabolic factors, and neural influences are covered in detail. Key Topics: Coronary Circulation: Anatomy and physiology of coronary blood supply. Phasic changes in blood flow during systole and diastole. Regulation by autonomic nervous system and local metabolic factors (hypoxia, adenosine). Cerebral Circulation: Control by local metabolic factors (CO2, H+). Autoregulation and hyperemia. Anatomy of cerebral blood supply and special features of cerebral blood vessels. Splanchnic Circulation: Anatomy and regulation of blood flow to the gastrointestinal organs. Role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Chemical factors and the concept of autoregulatory escape. Cutaneous Circulation: Thermoregulatory function and dense nervous innervation. Mechanisms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Blood reservoir function and responses to mechanical stimuli. Fetal Circulation: Unique aspects of fetal blood flow including umbilical vessels, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus. Changes in circulation at birth and the stimuli for these changes. Skeletal Muscle Circulation: Regulation during rest and exercise. Role of nervous and local metabolic control. Circulatory adjustments during physical activity. Pulmonary Circulation: Characteristics and regulation of pulmonary blood flow. Zones of blood flow in the lungs and the effect of gravity. Response to hypoxia and other factors influencing pulmonary vascular resistance
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Trace the normal sequence of cardiac depolarization via specialized conductive pathways and cardiac myocytes.
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1. Discuss the significance of regulation of cardiac pumping
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4. Discuss the intrinsic mechanisms of regulation of cardiac pumping
5. Discuss the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the heart
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Learning objectives:
1. Comprehend the determinants of cardiac output and factors affecting cardiac output
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1. Chapter 20, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 30 and 32, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 10, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a comprehensive description of the events of a cardiac cycle.
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1. Describe a cardiac cycle
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3. Correlate the mechanical events of cardiac cycle with the electrical events of the heart
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1. Chapter 9, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 30, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Cardiac Cycle - StatPearls, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459327/
5. Chapter 14, Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, Dee Silverthorn, 8th ed
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5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
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2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular exercise can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness.
Physiologic Anatomy of Heart_AntiCopy.pdf
In this comprehensive lecture, Dr. Faiza delves deep into the physiologic anatomy of the heart and the intricate properties of cardiac muscles. Beginning with a thorough exploration of the circulatory system, she meticulously elucidates the physiological arrangement of the right and left hearts, providing a detailed overview of systemic circulation's parallel arrangement. Through meticulous explanation, she traces the intricate path of blood flow, providing insightful comparisons of pressures across various components of the heart and circulatory tree, offering a holistic understanding of cardiovascular dynamics.
Transitioning seamlessly, Dr. Faiza meticulously dissects the functional anatomy and mechanics of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves, essential components for maintaining the precise unidirectional flow of blood within the heart. By delving into their structure and function, she illuminates their pivotal role in cardiac physiology, elucidating their mechanisms to prevent backflow and ensure efficient circulation.
Furthermore, Dr. Faiza embarks on a detailed exploration of the properties of cardiac muscles, providing a comprehensive understanding of their histological composition, syncytial arrangement, and action potential characteristics. Through detailed analysis, she sheds light on the factors influencing contractility, including sympathetic stimulation, hormonal regulation, and alterations in extracellular and intracellular ion concentrations.
Throughout the lecture, Dr. Faiza employs illustrative diagrams and engaging explanations to facilitate understanding, ensuring students grasp the intricate nuances of cardiac physiology. By elucidating the fundamental concepts underlying heart anatomy and cardiac muscle properties, she equips learners with the foundational knowledge necessary for a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular function and pathology.
Tex vc 051 - Blokirani put
The document discusses the history and current state of climate change research. It notes that scientific consensus has formed around the occurrence of climate change due to human activity like fossil fuel burning. Recent years have seen increasing temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events consistent with the predictions of climate science.
Zagor Ludens GIGANT 05 - Čovjek koji je pobjedio smrt
Zagor Ludens GIGANT 05 - Čovjek koji je pobjedio smrt
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
TTF.MTMTE.13
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Zagor Ludens GIGANT 05 - Čovjek koji je pobjedio smrt
Zagor Ludens GIGANT 05 - Čovjek koji je pobjedio smrt
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Diffusion of gases through Respiratory Membrane
In a comprehensive lecture, Dr. Faiza, an Assistant Professor of Physiology, meticulously delves into the intricate mechanics of gas exchange in the lungs. Dr. Faiza's impressive academic credentials include an MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore), FCPS in Physiology, ICMT, CHPE, DHPE from Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, MPH from GC University, Faisalabad, and an MBA from Virtual University of Pakistan. Her extensive expertise enriches the detailed exploration of the diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane.
The lecture begins with an overview of the respiratory zone and its unit components. The respiratory bronchiole, the smallest air passage in the lungs, marks the onset of gas exchange. From here, air travels through the alveolar ducts and atria, channels and spaces that lead to the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs where the majority of gas exchange takes place.
Dr. Faiza then transitions to the structure of the respiratory membrane, highlighting its delicate and efficient design. The membrane's average thickness is a mere 0.2 micrometers, with a maximum of 0.6 micrometers, allowing for optimal gas exchange. The total surface area of the membrane is immense, equivalent to a 25 × 30-foot room, ensuring a large interface for gas diffusion. The pulmonary capillary blood volume, ranging from 60 to 140 ml, further supports this process.
Several critical factors influence gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane. The thickness of the membrane is paramount; thicker membranes impede the rate of diffusion. Conversely, a larger surface area of the membrane enhances diffusion efficiency. The diffusion coefficient of the gas, which depends on the gas's solubility and molecular weight, also plays a significant role. Additionally, the partial pressure difference acts as the driving force for gas movement across the membrane, pushing gases from areas of higher to lower concentration.
Dr. Faiza elaborates on the concept of the diffusing capacity of the respiratory membrane, which measures the volume of gas diffusing through the membrane per minute per mm Hg pressure difference. Under resting conditions, the average diffusing capacity for oxygen (O2) is 21 ml/min per mm Hg, translating to a substantial total oxygen uptake under normal circumstances.
The lecture further explores how the oxygen diffusing capacity increases during exercise. This enhancement is achieved through mechanisms such as the opening of additional pulmonary capillaries and an improved ventilation-perfusion ratio, ensuring that more oxygen can diffuse into the blood to meet the heightened demand.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion capacity is another focal point, with Dr. Faiza noting that it is approximately 20 times higher than that of oxygen. She compares the diffusion rates during rest and exercise conditions, underscoring the respiratory system's adaptability.
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Connective Tissue II - Dr Muhammad Ali Rabbani - Medicose Academics
Join Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, for an enlightening exploration of advanced concepts in the histology of connective tissue. Building upon foundational knowledge, this lecture delves into the histological features, classification, and functional significance of various types of connective tissue, providing a comprehensive understanding of their roles in maintaining tissue integrity and homeostasis. From the dynamic interplay of cells and extracellular matrix components to the clinical correlations and medical applications, embark on a journey through the intricacies of connective tissue histology with Dr. Rabbani as your guide.
🔬 Key Topics Covered:
- Interstitial Fluid: Explore the composition and physiological significance of interstitial fluid in connective tissue, including its role in maintaining tissue hydration, nutrient exchange, and waste removal.
- Types of Connective Tissue: Examine the diverse types of connective tissue, including connective tissue proper, embryonic connective tissue, and specialized variants, and understand their structural characteristics, cellular composition, and functional adaptations.
- Histological Features: Investigate the histological features of connective tissue, ranging from loose and dense connective tissue to specialized types such as reticular and mucoid connective tissue, and comprehend their unique properties and functions.
- Adipose Tissue: Gain insight into the structure, function, and histogenesis of adipose tissue, including the classification of white and brown adipose tissue, their physiological roles, and regulatory mechanisms.
- Clinical Correlations: Explore the clinical relevance of connective tissue histology in health and disease, including its implications for tissue repair, inflammation, metabolic disorders, and therapeutic interventions.
🎓 Learning Objectives:
By the end of this session, students will:
- Describe the composition and functions of interstitial fluid in connective tissue.
- Summarize the histological features and classification of various types of connective tissue.
- Compare and contrast different types of connective tissue based on cellular composition, fiber arrangement, and functional adaptations.
- Explain the physiological roles of adipose tissue and its significance in metabolic regulation, thermogenesis, and pathological conditions.
💡 Medical Applications:
- Apply knowledge of connective tissue histology to interpret histopathological findings, diagnose connective tissue disorders, and develop targeted therapeutic strategies.
- Explore research opportunities aimed at unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying connective tissue physiology and pathology, with implications for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
🔍 Connect with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani to deepen your understanding of advanced concepts in connective tissue histology and their clinical relevance! 🔍
Histology of Epithelium - Dr Muhammad Ali Rabbani - Medicose Academics
Join Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, as he navigates through the intricate world of epithelial tissues in histology. Epithelium, comprised of closely aggregated polyhedral cells, forms cellular sheets that line organ cavities and cover body surfaces. Explore the diverse types of epithelium, their structural characteristics, and physiological functions in this enlightening session.
🔬 Key Topics Covered:
- Definition and Classification: Understand the fundamental properties of epithelium and classify its various types based on structure and function.
- Microscopic Examination: Learn to identify different types of simple epithelium under the microscope and sketch their histological diagrams.
- Physiological Functions: Explore the principal functions of epithelial tissues, including covering, lining, protection, absorption, and secretion.
🎓 Learning Objectives:
By the end of this lecture, students will:
- Define epithelium and distinguish between its basic types.
- Identify the histological features of simple epithelium and provide examples of each type.
- Comprehend the structural components and physiological roles of the basement membrane.
- Differentiate between surface epithelium and glandular epithelium.
- Understand the classification, structure, and mode of secretion of glandular epithelium.
💡 Medical Applications:
- Gain insights into the clinical relevance of epithelial tissues in understanding pathological conditions and disease mechanisms.
- Appreciate the significance of glandular epithelium in various organ systems and secretory functions.
🔍 Connect with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani to delve deeper into the histology of epithelium!🔍
Learning Resources:
For additional educational content and resources, visit our website: [www.medicoseacademics.com](www.medicoseacademics.com).
For inquiries, contact us at [info@medicoseacademics.com](mailto:info@medicoseacademics.com) or +92 310 7990649.
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🔬 Embark on a Journey through Epithelial Histology with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani! 🔬
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Histology, Epithelium, Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani, Anatomy Lecture, Medical Education, Simple Epithelium, Basement Membrane, Glandular Epithelium, Exocrine Glands, Endocrine Glands, Paracrine Glands, Unicellular Gland, Multicellular Gland, Merocrine Gland, Apocrine Gland, Holocrine Gland, Serous Gland, Mucous Gland, Mixed Gland, Medicose Academics.
Cytoskeleton and Cell Inclusions - Dr Muhammad Ali Rabbani - Medicose Academics
Embark on an enlightening journey into the intricate world of the cytoskeleton and cell inclusions with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani, Assistant Professor of Anatomy. In this comprehensive lecture, explore the structure, formation, and functions of the cytoskeleton's three major components: microtubules, microfilaments (actin filaments), and intermediate filaments. Additionally, delve into the realm of cell inclusions, understanding their nature, composition, and significance within cellular biology.
🎓 Learning Objectives:🎓
By the end of this lecture, students will:
- Identify different components of the cytoskeleton and describe their structure, formation, and functions.
- Define inclusion bodies and describe various types of cell inclusions.
- Understand the roles of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in providing structural support, facilitating cellular motility, and aiding in cell division.
- Analyze the dynamic instability of microtubules and the mechanisms of motor protein-driven intracellular transport.
- Explore the formation, composition, and physiological significance of various cell inclusions, including fat droplets, glycogen granules, lipofuscin, and hemosiderin.
💡 Key Topics Covered:
- Structure, Formation, and Functions of Microtubules
- Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC) and Centrosome
- Dynamic Instability of Microtubules
- Motor Proteins and Intracellular Transport
- Structure and Functions of Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
- Actin Binding Proteins and Myosin Motors
- Structure and Stability of Intermediate Filaments
- Types of Intermediate Filaments: Keratin, Vimentin, Desmin, Neurofilaments, Glial Filaments, Lamin
- Nature, Composition, and Significance of Cell Inclusions: Fat Droplets, Glycogen Granules, Lipofuscin, Hemosiderin
🔍 Connect with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani for a deeper understanding of the cytoskeleton and cell inclusions!🔍
Learning Resources:
For additional educational content and resources, visit our website: [www.medicoseacademics.com](www.medicoseacademics.com).
For inquiries, contact us at [info@medicoseacademics.com](mailto:info@medicoseacademics.com) or +92 310 7990649.
🔗 Stay Connected!
Explore our content on YouTube: [Medicose Academics YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/@MedicoseAcademics)
Follow us on Facebook: [Medicose Academics Facebook Page](https://www.facebook.com/medicoseacademics)
Connect on Instagram: [Medicose Academics Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/medicoseacademics)
🙌 Enhance Your Understanding of the Cytoskeleton and Cell Inclusions with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani! 🙌
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Cytoskeleton, Cell Inclusions, Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani, Anatomy Lecture, Medical Education, Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Motor Proteins, Intracellular Transport, Actin Filaments, Myosin Motors, Inclusion Bodies, Fat Droplets, Glycogen Granules, Lipofuscin, Hemosiderin, Medicose Academics.
Circulatory Shock, types and stages, compensatory mechanisms
In this lecture on circulatory shock, Dr. Faiza, an Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the profound implications of inadequate blood flow throughout the body, leading to tissue damage. The session begins by defining circulatory shock and elucidating its physiological causes, including decreased cardiac output, diminished blood volume, decreased vascular tone, obstruction to blood flow, excess metabolic rate, and abnormal perfusion patterns. Dr. Faiza categorizes shock into various types, such as cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, neurogenic shock, obstructive shock, anaphylactic shock, and septic shock, and explores the pathophysiological basis of each.
Furthermore, the lecture examines the stages of shock, from the non-progressive phase where compensatory mechanisms aim for full recovery to the progressive phase where shock worsens steadily without intervention, potentially leading to irreversible damage. Dr. Faiza discusses therapeutic interventions for shock, including replacement therapy, blood and plasma transfusion, sympathomimetic drugs, and other adjunctive treatments like head-down positioning, oxygen therapy, and glucocorticoids.
Cerebral circulation with its regulation & Brain metabolism
Join Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology, on an illuminating journey into the intricate world of cerebral circulation and brain metabolism. In this comprehensive lecture, Dr. Faiza covers crucial topics ranging from the events in Cerebrovascular Accident to the special metabolic needs of the brain.
Throughout the session, attendees will:
Gain insights into the events and implications of Cerebrovascular Accidents, with a focus on site-specific neurological deficits and the concept of penumbra.
Explore the anatomical and physiological factors governing cerebral circulation, including the role of the Circle of Willis and autoregulation mechanisms.
Delve into the unique requirements of oxygen and glucose for brain metabolism, understanding the significance of glucose transporters and the brain's limited anaerobic metabolism.
Examine the intricate structure and function of the Blood-Brain Barrier, discussing its role in maintaining neuronal environment homeostasis and protecting the brain from toxins.
Learn about Circumventricular Organs, areas where the Blood-Brain Barrier is less developed, and their significance in neuroendocrine regulation and homeostasis.
Discuss clinical scenarios and implications, including the role of intracranial pressure, sympathetic nervous system, and metabolic factors in regulating cerebral blood flow.
This lecture provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between cerebral circulation and brain metabolism, essential for medical professionals and enthusiasts alike. Join us to unravel the mysteries of the brain's vascular supply and metabolic demands with Dr. Faiza's expert guidance.
Cerebral Circulation, cerebrovascular accident and Brain Metabolism
Title: Understanding Cerebral Circulation and Brain Metabolism
Description:
Join Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology, on an illuminating journey into the intricate world of cerebral circulation and brain metabolism. In this comprehensive lecture, Dr. Faiza covers crucial topics ranging from the events in Cerebrovascular Accident to the special metabolic needs of the brain.
Throughout the session, attendees will:
Gain insights into the events and implications of Cerebrovascular Accidents, with a focus on site-specific neurological deficits and the concept of penumbra.
Explore the anatomical and physiological factors governing cerebral circulation, including the role of the Circle of Willis and autoregulation mechanisms.
Delve into the unique requirements of oxygen and glucose for brain metabolism, understanding the significance of glucose transporters and the brain's limited anaerobic metabolism.
Examine the intricate structure and function of the Blood-Brain Barrier, discussing its role in maintaining neuronal environment homeostasis and protecting the brain from toxins.
Learn about Circumventricular Organs, areas where the Blood-Brain Barrier is less developed, and their significance in neuroendocrine regulation and homeostasis.
Discuss clinical scenarios and implications, including the role of intracranial pressure, sympathetic nervous system, and metabolic factors in regulating cerebral blood flow.
This lecture provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between cerebral circulation and brain metabolism, essential for medical professionals and enthusiasts alike. Join us to unravel the mysteries of the brain's vascular supply and metabolic demands with Dr. Faiza's expert guidance
Epilepsy, Alzheimer, Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder_AntiCopy.pdf
Embark on a journey into the enigmatic realm of epilepsy with Dr. Faiza, an accomplished Assistant Professor of Physiology, as your guide. In this comprehensive lecture, students delve into the multifaceted landscape of seizure disorders, unraveling the intricate pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic interventions associated with this neurological condition.
Beginning with an exploration of seizures as temporary disruptions of brain function precipitated by uncontrolled neuronal activity, Dr. Faiza elucidates the diverse etiological factors, ranging from acute electrolyte disorders and drug toxicity to underlying medical conditions such as eclampsia and meningitis. Students gain insight into the chronic nature of epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures and often stemming from trauma, stroke, tumors, or hereditary factors, affecting approximately 1% of the global population.
As the lecture unfolds, Dr. Faiza navigates through the pathophysiological underpinnings of epilepsy, illuminating the disruption of the delicate balance between inhibitory and excitatory currents in the brain. From focal/partial seizures confined to specific cerebral hemispheres to generalized seizures involving diffuse neuronal discharges, students gain a nuanced understanding of the diverse seizure types, including complex partial, generalized tonic-clonic, and absence seizures.
Moreover, students explore the clinical manifestations of epilepsy, from the characteristic aura preceding seizures to the motor, sensory, and autonomic manifestations during ictal episodes. Through vivid descriptions and clinical vignettes, Dr. Faiza elucidates the differential diagnosis and classification of seizures, empowering students to recognize and manage these neurological events with confidence and proficiency.
Furthermore, the lecture delves into the triggers of epilepsy attacks and the principles of pharmacological treatment, ranging from voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers to agents that modulate GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Through a comprehensive analysis of neurotransmitter systems implicated in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease, students gain insight into the complex interplay between neurochemistry and neuropsychiatric pathology.
Enriched with clinical insights, therapeutic strategies, and pathophysiological correlations, this lecture serves as a cornerstone for students aspiring to understand and address the complexities of epilepsy and related neurological conditions. By synthesizing basic science principles with clinical relevance, Dr. Faiza empowers students to navigate the intricacies of epilepsy management with compassion, competence, and scientific rigor.
Control of Local Blood Flow: acute and chronic
In this captivating lecture, Dr. Faiza, an esteemed Assistant Professor of Physiology, embarks on a comprehensive journey into the multifaceted realm of local blood flow regulation. With meticulous detail and clarity, she unravels the intricate mechanisms that govern the dynamic balance between tissue perfusion and vascular resistance, shedding light on both acute and chronic aspects of blood flow control.
Beginning with an exploration of acute influences, Dr. Faiza elucidates how physiological factors such as metabolic demand, myogenic responses, and autoregulatory mechanisms orchestrate rapid adjustments in local blood flow. Students gain insight into the vasodilator theory, which elucidates the role of metabolic byproducts and vasoactive metabolites in promoting vasodilation, alongside the oxygen demand theory, which underscores the interplay between tissue oxygenation and nutrient demand.
Delving deeper, the lecture delves into the fascinating realm of humoral control, where hormones and vasoactive substances wield significant influence over vascular tone. Dr. Faiza navigates through the intricacies of endothelial-derived factors like nitric oxide (NO) and histamine, alongside hormonal regulators such as angiotensin II and vasopressin. Through vivid explanations and illustrative examples, she unveils the intricate dance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction orchestrated by these biochemical messengers.
Moreover, the lecture extends its gaze to the extrinsic control of blood flow, where sympathetic innervation exerts a profound impact on vascular dynamics. Dr. Faiza elucidates the role of sympathetic tone in modulating vascular resistance, highlighting its implications in diverse physiological and pathological scenarios. From skin perfusion to coronary circulation, students gain a nuanced understanding of how neural inputs shape local blood flow patterns.
Enriched with clinical insights and contemporary research findings, this lecture equips students with a holistic understanding of blood flow regulation. By exploring concepts like active and reactive hyperemia, vascular remodeling, and collateral circulation, Dr. Faiza fosters a deeper appreciation for the adaptive responses of the cardiovascular system to changing physiological demands and pathological insults.
Cerebrospinal Fluid & Hydrocephalus.pdf
Dr. Faiza, an Assistant Professor of Physiology, delivers an insightful lecture on Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), unraveling its vital role in protecting the brain and spinal cord. Through a structured approach, learners are guided to understand the secretion, flow, absorption, and functions of CSF, alongside a comprehensive exploration of abnormalities associated with CSF pressure, particularly hydrocephalus.
The lecture commences with an elucidation of the definition, normal volume, and pressure of CSF, laying the foundation for a deeper understanding of its physiological significance. Dr. Faiza delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying the production of CSF, highlighting the pivotal role of choroid plexus and ependymal surfaces in maintaining CSF homeostasis. Learners gain insights into the composition of CSF, which mirrors that of brain extracellular fluid (ECF), fostering comprehension of its biochemical characteristics.
Furthermore, the flow and absorption of CSF are meticulously explained, elucidating the role of arachnoidal villi in facilitating the unidirectional drainage of CSF into the venous sinuses. Regulation of CSF pressure, governed by the valve action of the villi, is explored in detail, providing learners with a nuanced understanding of the dynamic equilibrium between CSF production and absorption.
Dr. Faiza elucidates the multifaceted functions of CSF, emphasizing its role as a cushion, shock absorber, mechanical buffer, and medium for nutritional exchange within the central nervous system (CNS). The lecture also examines the intriguing phenomenon of "contrecoup" in traumatic brain injuries, underscoring the pivotal role of CSF in mitigating the impact of external forces on brain integrity.
Moreover, learners are introduced to the pathophysiology of high CSF pressure, delineating the etiological factors and associated signs and symptoms indicative of hydrocephalus. Through a comprehensive overview, learners are equipped with the knowledge to correlate abnormal CSF pressure with clinical manifestations, facilitating effective diagnosis and management strategies.
Hematology and Immunology - Leukocytes Functions
These are simplified slides discussing the functions of white blood cells.
Learning objectives:
1. Discuss the genesis of white blood cells
2. Describe the morphology and physiology of different types of white blood cells
3. Elucidate the phagocytic potential and mechanisms of neutrophils and macrophages
4. Appraise the clinical significance of RES reticuloendothelial system
5. Recognise the specific immune functions of lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils
6. Describe pathophysiology of inflammation and necrosis
7. Comment on leukopenia and leukemia
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 34, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 11, Human Physiology From Cells to System by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 3, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Physiology, Immune Response – StatPearls; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539801/
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1. Identify the various blood groups
2. Explain the principles of blood grouping keeping in view their physiological significance
3. Discuss the hazards of blood transfusion
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 36, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 11, Human Physiology From Cells to System by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 31, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Hematology and Oncology, First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023
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Description:
Dive into the intricate world of the peripheral nervous system with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, in this enlightening lecture focusing on the histomorphological composition of peripheral nerves and ganglia. Explore the fundamental concepts underlying nerve fibers, nerves, and their organizational structure, unraveling the complexities of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.
🎓 Learning Objectives: 🎓
By the end of this lecture, students will:
Explain the histomorphological composition of peripheral nerves.
Define ganglia and distinguish between sensory and autonomic ganglia.
Differentiate between sensory and autonomic ganglia in tabulated form.
💡 Key Topics Covered:
Nerve Fibers: Myelinated and Unmyelinated
Ultrastructure of Myelinated Fibers: Myelin Sheath and Nodes of Ranvier
Nerve Organization: Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium
Peripheral Ganglia: Sensory and Autonomic
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Ganglia: Structure and Function
Differences between Spinal and Sympathetic Ganglia
🔍 Connect with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani for a comprehensive exploration of the peripheral nervous system! 🔍
Learning Resources:
For additional educational content and resources, visit our website: www.medicoseacademics.com.
For inquiries, contact us at info@medicoseacademics.com or +92 310 7990649.
🔗 Stay Connected!
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🙌 Enhance Your Understanding of the Peripheral Nervous System with Dr. Muhammad Ali Rabbani! 🙌
Pregnacny, Parturition, and Lactation.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified overview of Female Reproductive Physiology during Pregnancy, Parturition, and Lactation. They explore the hormonal changes and adaptations of the female body to accommodate the growing fetus, facilitate its expulsion during childbirth, and support lactation.
Learning objectives:
1. Trace the transport of fertilized ovum until implantation in the uterus
2. Describe the anatomy and functions of the placenta
3. Recognise the functions of hormonal factors in pregnancy
4. Summarise the response of the mother’s body to pregnancy
5. Describe the events that initiate the process of labour
6. Describe the hormonal and mechanical changes in the progression of labour
7. Explain the hormonal control of lactation
8. Describe the physiological significance of lactation in the baby and mother
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
These slides provide a simplified overview of Female Reproductive Physiology before Pregnancy by Sidra Arshad, delving into the mechanisms and physiology of the intricate cyclical changes characteristic of the female sexual cycle in the context of female reproductive hormones.
Learning objectives:
1. Briefly describe the functional anatomy of female reproductive tract
2. Explain the mechanisms responsible for initiating puberty in a female
3. Describe the role of estrogen in puberty
4. Describe the stages of oogenesis
5. Describe the development of a dominant follicle and corelate it with the phases of ovarian cycle
6. Explain the events of ovulation
7. Explain the significance of corpus luteum
8. Describe the phases of monthly endometrial/ menstrual cycle
9. Describe the functions of estrogen and progesterone
10. Summarise the regulation of the female monthly rhythm
11. Describe the process of fertilization with reference to the female reproductive tract
12. Explain how the rhythm method of contraception works
13. Describe the mechanism of action of contraceptive pills
14. Discuss a few abnormal conditions that cause infertility in females
15. Explain the physiology of menopause
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 82, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 22, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 44, Berne and Levy Physiology, 7th edition
4. Chapter 20 , Human Physiology, From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
5. Chapter 10, Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology by Bruce A. White, 4th edition
6. Physiology, Ovulation – Stat Pearls; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441996/
7. Physiology, Estrogen – Stat Pearls; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538260/
8. Physiology, Progesterone – Stat Pearls; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558960/
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