Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART.
ART ( ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES).THIS THE ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION TE...Anand P P
Artificial reproductive technology helps to produce the offspring without direct biological mating.several methods are used to artificial reproduction like zift , gift ,INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INGECTION
i. Intrauterine insemination (IUI).
ii. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF and ET).
iii. Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT).
iv. Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIPT).
v. Intra-vaginal culture (IVC).
vi. Cytoplasmic transfer (CT).
The term in vitro, from the Latin meaning in glass, is used, because early biological experiments involving cultivation of tissues outside the living organism from which they came, were carried out in glass containers such as beakers, test tubes, or petri dishes.
Assisted reproductive technology treats infertility and the treatment involves both a man's sperm and a woman's egg. The procedure begins by extracting eggs from a woman's body and then fusing it with the sperm to generate embryos. This embryo is then transferred back into the woman's body.
ART ( ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES).THIS THE ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION TE...Anand P P
Artificial reproductive technology helps to produce the offspring without direct biological mating.several methods are used to artificial reproduction like zift , gift ,INTRA CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INGECTION
i. Intrauterine insemination (IUI).
ii. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF and ET).
iii. Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT).
iv. Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIPT).
v. Intra-vaginal culture (IVC).
vi. Cytoplasmic transfer (CT).
The term in vitro, from the Latin meaning in glass, is used, because early biological experiments involving cultivation of tissues outside the living organism from which they came, were carried out in glass containers such as beakers, test tubes, or petri dishes.
Assisted reproductive technology treats infertility and the treatment involves both a man's sperm and a woman's egg. The procedure begins by extracting eggs from a woman's body and then fusing it with the sperm to generate embryos. This embryo is then transferred back into the woman's body.
IVF Treatment in India: IVF is Like a Beam of Hope for Infertile PupilMedMonks
IVF Treatment: Infertility means the inability of couple (due to male or female partner or both) to be able to conceive after having regular unprotected intercourse.
Best IVF Centre in Jalandhar | IVF Cost in Punjabseoservicesit
Janam Fertility Centre provides the best treatments for infertility at affordable cost. Our Best IVF Centre in Jalandhar also Offer Best IVF Cost in Punjab. Get started on your fertility journey. Your parenthood dream can come true. Consult with an IVF expert at Janam Fertility Centre.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the process of fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body in a
laboratory setting and then implanting and developing the embryo in the woman's uterus, where it
will implant and grow into a baby.
Hegde Fertility Centre offers the most advanced and efficient infertility treatments with the primary goal of being a centre par excellence that is focused on bringing avant-garde facilities, state-of-the-art labs, highly trained experts, and a dedicated caring staff for fulfilling a couple’s desire of having a baby. A team of embryologists, infertility consultants, and reproductive surgery specialists work together to provide a wide range of treatments from basic infertility care to the most advanced procedures to gift the joy of parenthood for couples. For more details visit https://hegdefertility.com
Zingiber officinale - Ginger and Its Effects on Inflammation, Arthritis and C...Muhammad Anas Shamsi
Zingiber officinale a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger which has been used widely as a spice in different cuisines all over the world specially in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, but it has many many more Medicinal uses. Its Antibiotic, Anti-oxidant, Antiviral, Laxative, Carminative, Antibacterial and Anthelmintic, Hypotensive, Anti-tussive and Anti-H.pilori, property is well known. Here in this presentation I summarizes the Mechanisms of Action of its Chief Chemical Components i.e; "Gingerol, Shogaol, Zingerone and Zingiberine".
Endometritis is inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium). 30% of Females with Cesarean delivery suffers from it. It is not to be confused with Endometriosis (Development of Endometrial lining other than Uterus). The types their clinical scenario and management is given in this PowerPoint.
Momordica charantia - Bitter melon/gourd and Its Effects on Diabetes(The Mech...Muhammad Anas Shamsi
Momordica charantia - Bitter melon/gourd which has been used widely as a meal in different cuisines all over the world specially in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, but it has many many more Medicinal uses. Its Anti-diabetic, Hypocholesterolemic, Anti-oxidant, Antiviral, Laxative, Antibacterial and Anthelmintic property is well known. Here in this presentation I summarizes the Mechanisms of Action of its Chief Chemical Components i.e; "Charantin,Lectin,Momordicine II and P-Insulin" through which it treats Diabetes.
Curcuma longa - Turmeric and Its Effects on Hypertension (The Mechanism of Ac...Muhammad Anas Shamsi
Curcuma longa - Turmeric which has been used widely as an spice but it has many many more Medicinal uses. Its Wound Healing, Anti-diabetic, Hypocholesterolemic, Anti-oxidant and Hypotensive property is well known. Here in this presentation I summarizes the Mechanisms of Action of its Chief Chemical Component "Curcumin" through which it treats Hypertension.
Colors of Urine (Qaroorah) and diagnosis through it. (The Unani Tibbi philoso...Muhammad Anas Shamsi
"Excretions are the window of the body"
This presentation is specially design for the visual learner which may help one to diagnose diseases through the "colors of urine".
This power point is prepared to made easy to understand the method of asexual reproduction in plants for students.It covers both Natural and Artificial Methods of Asexual Reproduction in plants.
This is a quick review which may save your time...
Enjoy... :)
This power point is prepared to made easy to understand the method of asexual reproduction for students.
This is a quick review which may save your time...
Enjoy... :)
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
3. INFERTILITY INCIDENCE
• Up to 5,000,000 American couples suffer from infertility every year and 20% of
those decide to undergo in vitro fertilization.
• About one out of every 6 couples is infertile in the US, and Taiwan as well.
• Infertility due to male factor accounts for at least 40% of infertility cases.
4. What is Assisted Reproductive Techniques
(ART)?
• ART is sometimes used as a catchall term for any fertility treatment, from medications to
surgery. But in the medical community, ART refers to treatments that manipulate the sperm
or the egg to make pregnancy more likely.
• ART works best in couples who have an issue with sperm or who have a diagnosis that makes
it difficult for the sperm to fertilize the egg. Women who ovulate infrequently may also
benefit from ART, since an ART cycle greatly increases the odds of a successful pregnancy
each cycle.
• ART is also a viable option in couples who have unexplained infertility. This is because the
odds of pregnancy are higher with each ART cycle, and ART can circumvent many common but
difficult-to-diagnose problems. Couples who have tried other treatments without success, as
well as people attempting to get pregnant without a partner, may also choose ART.
5. HISTORY OF ART
• In 1978, First successful birth using IVF.
• Louise Joy Brown (born 25 July 1978) is an English woman known for being the first human to
have been born after conception by in vitro fertilization, or IVF.
• In 1983, First pregnancy from IVF using donated Oocyte. First birth from IVF using
Cryopreserved Embryos.
• In 1984, Introduction of the GIFT procedure. First successful birth using GIFT.
• In 1986, First successful birth using ZIFT.
• In 1987, Transvaginal US guided Oocyte retrieval.
• In 1990, Introduction of PGD for Sex-linked diseases.
• In 1991, First birth from IVF with ICSI.
• In 1993, First birth from IVF using Testicular Sperm Extraction.
• In 1997, First birth from Cryopreserved Oocytes.
6.
7. Who is eligible for ART?
• Females with Tubal Diseases.
• Unexplained Infertility.
• Endometriosis.
• Immunologic causes of Infertility.
• Women with Immature Ovarian Failure.
• Individuals with Male Factor Infertility (e.g., Abnormalities in Sperm Production, Function or
Transport or Prior Vasectomy).
8. MAJOR TECHNIQUES FOR ART
ART techniques include:
• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer (ET).
• Intrauterine Insemination (IUI).
• Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT).
• Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT).
• Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI).
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is perhaps the most well-known form of ART, but it’s far from the only
option.
9. IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
• In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a relatively new technology that’s been in use for about three
decades. It’s also one of the most successful options, boasting a success rate of about 15-25%
per cycle.
• During an IVF cycle, a doctor retrieves eggs from the woman and then fertilize them with
sperm. The fertilized egg grows in a petri dish for several days until it becomes an embryo.
Then a doctor implants the embryo back into the woman’s uterus.
• To maximize the success odds of IVF, a woman usually takes fertility drugs to ensure she
ovulates on a predictable timeline and to encourage her body to produce multiple extra eggs.
For this reason, IVF often produces multiple embryos. This increases the likelihood of having
multiple babies.
10.
11. INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION (IUI)
• Intrauterine insemination (IUI) fertilizes the egg inside a woman’s uterus. This is a more
affordable option than IVF, though it has a lower success rate.
• IUI works best for women trying to get pregnant without a partner, for people with
unexplained infertility, and when the man’s sperm has issues traveling to the egg, often due
to low mobility, but sometimes due to a chemical mismatch between the man’s semen and
the woman’s vaginal fluids.
• IUI requires just one procedure, during which the sperm is implanted into the woman. Some
women opt to take fertility drugs before IUI to increase the number of eggs they produce.
• Fertility drugs increase the chances of success with IUI.
12.
13. GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
(GIFT)
• An intrafallopian transfer fertilizes the egg inside the woman’s fallopian tube.
• Intrafallopian transfers are good options for couples with unexplained infertility, with sperm
mobility issues, or when the woman has an issue with her fallopian tube, such as a blocked
tube.
• A gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) transfers sperm and eggs into a woman’s fallopian
tube, where the sperm fertilizes the egg.
• Some couples prefer it because of religious or ethical beliefs dictating that fertilization should
occur inside the body.
• As with other ART options, a woman typically takes fertility drugs prior to the cycle.
14. ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
(ZIFT)
• An intrafallopian transfer fertilizes the egg inside the woman’s fallopian tube.
• Intrafallopian transfers are good options for couples with unexplained infertility, with sperm
mobility issues, or when the woman has an issue with her fallopian tube, such as a blocked
tube.
• A zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) is similar to IVF. Eggs are removed from the woman’s
body and fertilized in a lab setting, then transferred into the woman’s body when they grow
into embryos. But unlike with IVF, the embryos are deposited into the fallopian tube.
• As with other ART options, a woman typically takes fertility drugs prior to the cycle.
15.
16. INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION
(ICSI)
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) removes one or more eggs from the woman’s body.
Then a mature egg is injected with a single healthy sperm. When the eggs develop normally,
they are transferred back to the woman’s body.
• ISI works best when there are serious sperm issues. For example, a man with very low sperm
motility or very few quality sperm might select this option. Sometimes a man has normal
sperm count and morphology, but significant DNA damage that decreases fertility or increases
the risk of an early miscarriage. ICSI allows a doctor to select the healthiest sperm and implant
it in the egg.
• A woman typically takes fertility drugs to boost egg production and normalize her cycle before
an ICSI implantation.
17.
18. OTHER TECHNIQUES INCLUDE
Other assisted reproduction techniques include:
• Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT, sometimes called mitochondrial donation) is the
replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT
originated as a special form of IVF in which some or all of the future baby's mitochondrial
DNA comes from a third party. This technique is used in cases when mothers carry genes
for mitochondrial diseases. The therapy is approved for use in the United Kingdom.
• Reproductive surgery, treating e.g. fallopian tube obstruction and vas deferens obstruction,
or reversing a vasectomy by a reverse vasectomy.
• In surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) the reproductive urologist obtains sperm from the vas
deferens, epididymis or directly from the testis in a short outpatient procedure.
• By cryopreservation, eggs, sperm and reproductive tissue can be preserved for later IVF.
20. ART: NOT THE ONLY OPTION…
IVF revolutionized the world of infertility. It’s received so much attention that many couples think it’s the
only or the primary option for treating issues with fertility. But ART is not the only option. In fact, many
couples opt to pursue less invasive treatments prior to trying ART. For many, the right medication or
medical procedure can greatly increase the chances of fertility.
There are dozens of fertility treatments that may help, but some of the most effective non-ART methods
include:
• A procedure designed to clear blocked tubes.
• Hormones to support and encourage ovulation.
• Hormone treatments to address other issues in a woman's cycle, such as a too-short luteal phase.
• Treating underlying medical conditions such as insulin resistance.
• Fertility education can also be helpful. Some couples are not correctly timing intercourse to maximize
their chances of fertility. Others may be using lubricants that make it more difficult for the sperm to
travel to the egg. Still, others may have lifestyle risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, or drug use, that
increase the risk of miscarriage and infertility.
• Infertility is a complex challenge, and it demands complex solutions. Often the best strategy is a multi-
pronged approach to medication, lifestyle changes, and a few tweaks in intercourse timing.
21. USAGE OF ART
• As a result of the 1992 Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, the CDC is required to
publish the annual ART success rates at U.S. fertility clinics. Assisted reproductive technology
procedures performed in the U.S. has over than doubled over the last 10 years, with 140,000
procedures in 2006, resulting in 55,000 births.
• In Australia, 3.1% of births are a result of ART.
• The most common reasons for discontinuation of fertility treatment have been estimated to
be: postponement of treatment (39%), physical and psychological burden (19%, psychological
burden 14%, physical burden 6.32%), relational and personal problems (17%, personal reasons
9%, relational problems 9%), treatment rejection (13%) and organizational (12%) and clinic
problems (8%).
22. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ART
• The majority of IVF-conceived infants do not have birth defects.
• However, some studies have suggested that assisted reproductive technology is associated with
an increased risk of birth defects.
• Artificial reproductive technology is becoming more available. Early studies suggest that there
could be an increased risk for medical complications with both the mother and baby. Some of
these include low birth weight, placental insufficiency, chromosomal disorders, preterm
deliveries, Genetic disorders, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia.
23. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ART
• The use of ART has increased dramatically worldwide and has made pregnancy possible for
many infertile couples.
• However, perinatal risks associated with any ART and ovulation induction pregnancy remain,
particularly in multifetal gestations.
• To promote optimal outcomes, obstetrician–gynecologists and other health care providers
should complete a thorough medical evaluation and address maternal health problems or
health conditions before initiating ART and, when proceeding with ART, make every appropriate
effort to achieve a singleton gestation.
• Patients should receive appropriate counseling about the risks associated with ART, especially
risk associated with multifetal pregnancy and the option in such cases for multifetal reduction.
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27. REFERENCES
• Text book of Gynaecology 7th edition, Rashid Latif Khan.
• Guide lines by Tabiba Nadia Naseem.
• Google search engine.