This document provides information about various contraceptive methods. It discusses natural family planning methods, mechanical methods like condoms and diaphragms, and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills, injectables, implants, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it covers efficacy, mechanisms of action, usage instructions, benefits, side effects, and risks. The ideal is described as a contraceptive that is safe, effective, free of side effects, available, acceptable to users, and does not impact future fertility.
methods used as contraception include guidelines, contraindications, side effects, and effectiveness.
intrauterine devices
condoms
diaphragm/cervical cap
cervical sponge
spermicide
progestrone only bills ( in the different froms)
combined hormonal therapy
emergency contraception
Gynecology Medical Student notes describing use of contraceptives and application in the medical field. A guide on the criteria use of oral contraceptives and their indications for use.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. Remember
The total risks of birth control are much
less than the total risks of a pregnancy!!
Why is contraception important?
It prevents unplanned pregnancies and
can give you the freedom to choose the
right time for parenthood
protect you from most sexually
transmitted infections (STIs)(as condom)
4.
5. Unplanned pregnancies
Of the 208 million pregnancies that occurred in 2008, an
estimate of 41 percent were unintended1
If you are having sex and you don’t use contraception
you have an 85% chance of being pregnant within one
year2
Nearly half of all young people worldwide (46%) have
had sex with a new partner without using contraception3
Over one third of young people believe the withdrawal
method is effective when it is highly unreliable3
Contraception allows you to control your natural
fertility and to prevent unplanned pregnancies
6. Characteristics of ideal contraceptive:
Safe
100% effective
Free of side effects
Available
Acceptable to the user and sexual partner
Free of effects on future pregnancies
Contraceptive efficacy
Pearl Index
Life Table Analysis
Perfect use
Typical use
12. MALE CONDOM
• Most common and effective barrier method
when used properly
• Latex and Polyurethane should only be used in
the prevention of pregnancy and spread of
STI’s (including HIV)
13. MALE CONDOM
Perfect effectiveness rate = 97%
Typical effectiveness rate = 88%
Latex and polyurethane condoms are
available
Combining condoms with spermicides
raises effectiveness levels to 99%
14. FEMALE CONDOM
Made as an alternative to male condoms
Polyurethane
Physically inserted in the vagina
Perfect rate = 95%
Typical rate = 79%
Woman can use female condom if partner
refuses
15. The Female Condom
The female condom is a lubricated polyurethane sheath, similar in appearance to a male condom. It is
inserted into the vagina. The closed end covers the cervix. Like the male condom, it is intended for one-time
use and then discarded.
The sponge is inserted by the woman into the vagina and covers the cervix blocking sperm from entering the
cervix. The sponge also contains a spermicide that kills sperm. It is available without a prescription.
16. SPERMICIDES
Chemicals kill sperm in the vagina
Different forms:
-Jelly -Film
-Foam -Suppository
Some work instantly, others require pre-insertion
Only 76% effective (used alone), should be used in
combination with another method i.e., condoms
21. Combined mode of action of
estrogen and progestogen
Prevents ovulation
Thickens mucous in cervix
Thins endometrium
22. COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
PILLS
Oestrogens
Ethinyloestradiol
Mestranol
Progestins are also classified to 1st, 2nd, 3rd,
generation progestins
2nd levonorgestril
3rd desogestril & gestodene
Newer progestins desogestril & norgestimate have
little or no androgenic activity
23. Dosage & regimen
Estrogen 20-35μg/ day
Used for 3 wks with one wk gap when menstruation
occurs
Formulations
Monophasic contains fixed amount of estrogen &
progestin
Biphasic a fixed amount of estrogen, while the
progestin increases in the 2nd half of the cycle
Triphasic the amount of estrogen may be fixed or
variable, while the amount of progestin increases in 3
equal phases
24. COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS
Efficacy
COCP is highly effective in preventing pregnancy. However
the user failure rate is 3-8%
30% of women miss 3 or more pills in the 1st cycle of use
↑ body Wt may ↓ the efficacy of the pills ( not proven)
Indication
Any women seeking a reversible, reliable, coitally-independent
method of contraception, in the absence of
contraindications
25. contraindications
Absolute contraindications
Circulatory diseases
Significant hypertention
Arterial or venous thrombosis
Ischemic heart disease
Hx of cerebrovascular accident
Any significant risk factor of cardiovascular disease
Migraine headache with focal neurological symptoms
Current breast cancer(oestrogen dependent neoplasm)
Acute or Severe liver disease
26. Relative contraindications
Long-term immobilization
Generalized Migraine
Irregular vaginal bleeding
Less sever risk factor of Cardiovascular disease
(obesity,smoking,D.M)
27. SIDE-EFFECTS OF COMBINED OCP
Minor side-effects commonly occure during the 1st
3 cycles
1. Irregular bleeding (breakthrough bleeding/
spotting)
2. Breast tenderness & nausea
Improve with time
Less with lower estrogen dosage
3-Mood changes
Women report depression
& mood changes
28. RISKS OF COCP
1-Venous thromboembolism
Effect by elter blood clotting & coagulation factor
in way that induce pro-thrompotic tendency
VTE 3-4 X higher in users than nonusers
Risk of VTE is higher during the 1st year of use than
subsequent years
Incidence of VTE in pregnancy is 13/ 10000 deliveries
2-Arterial disease
Increase risk of Myocardial infarction & thrombotic
stroke(smoking will increase risk)
29. RISKS OF COCP
3-Breast cancer
A large meta-analysis 1996 significant ↑ risk of breast
ca in women currently taking the COCP( Relative Risk
1.24 ) & in the 1st 10 Y after discontinuing it
30. MYTHS & MISCONCEPTION
COCP affects future fertility
Fact fertility restored 1-3 M after stopping the pills
COCP causes birth defects if a woman becomes
pregnant while taking it
Fact There is no evidence that it causes birth defects
COCP must be stopped in all women >35 Y
Fact Healthy non-smoking women can continue
taking the pills untill menopause
31. Drug interactions
Anticonvulsants (phenytoin or carbamazepine)
women should use 50 μg E estradiole pill
Monitor phenytoin level as COCP may inhibit its
metabolism
Rifampicin contraceptive filure
Some Broad-specrum antibiotics alter the intestinal
absorpition Of COC
33. EVRA: Simple administration
schedule
20 mcg ethinyloestradiol and 150 –
mcg norelgestromin per 24 hours
Apply weekly for 3 weeks –
Apply same day-of-the-week –
1 week patch-free –
Sunda
y
Sunda
y
Sunda
y
Sunda
y
Patch # 1 Patch # 2 Patch # 3
28-day cycle
Patch-free
Sunda
y
Start next cycle
28-day cycle
Ref: Evra SmPC
34. Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing)
95-99% Effective A new ring is inserted into the
vagina each month
Does not require a "fitting" by a health care
provider, does not require spermicide, can make
periods more regular and less painful, no pill to
take daily, ability to become pregnant returns
quickly when use is stopped.
NuvaRing is a flexible
plastic (ethylene-vinyl
acetate copolymer) ring
that releases a low dose
of a progestin and an
estrogen over 3 weeks.
36. ORAL PROGESTINS
PROGESTIN ONLY PILL / MINIPILLS
Norethisterone 0.35 mg
Package contains 28 tab
Started on the 1st day of the menstrual cycle/ or
any day if pregnancy excluded
Must be used at the same time every day within 3
hrs
A back up contraception must be used for 7 days
Must be used continuously no pill-free interval
37. PROGESTIN ONLY PILL / MINIPILLS
Perfect use failure rate 0.5%
Typical use failure rate 5-10% (It must
be taken the same time every day)
It can be used immediately postpartum
with no effect on lactation
38. Progesterone Only Pills
Clinical uses
– Breastfeeding
– Contraindication to estrogen containing
pills
– Estrogen related side effects on
combination pill
– Heavy smokers over age 35
40. PROGESTIN ONLY PILL CONTRAINDICATIONS
Absolute Contraindications
Pregnancy
Current breast cancer
Relative Contraindications
Active viral hepatitis
Liver tumors
41. PROGESTIN ONLY PILL
Side-effects
Irregular bleeeding
spotting –12% 1st month
--3% 18 months
40 % continue to have regular cycles
Hormonal side-effects
Headache, bloating, acne, breast tenderness
42. POP TROUBLESHOOTING
1-Irregular bleeding
A common side effect
Pregnancy, infection & genital pathology
must be ruled out
Rx options
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory for 10
days
Switching toCOCP
Adding a short course of estrogen
Antiprogestinic agents mifepristone
43. Missed POP pill/s
Less than 3 hours late?
More than 3 hours late
(27 hours after last pill)
Take the missed pill and
continue as normal
Cerazette?
NO YES
Take missed pill as soon as
possible,
Take rest of packet as
normal
And use extra precautions
for the next 2 days
Less than
12 hours late?
More than
12 hours late?
Take missed pill as
soon as possible and
continue with packet
as normal
Take missed pill as soon as
possible, take the rest of the
packet as normal.
Use extra precautions until
pills taken for 2 consecutive
days
44. INJECTABLE PROGESTIN
DEPOT MEDROXYPROGESTRONE ACETATE
Introduced in 1967 & used by millions of women
worldwide
Highly effective with a failure rate < 0.3% / year
Mechanism of action
45. DMPA DOSAGE & ADMINISTERATION
150 mg IM every 12 Wks
Started during the 1st 5 days of menses or within
5 days of stopping COCP
Effective within 24 hrs of injection if given during
the 1st 5 days of the cycles
If given later than D5 of the cycle back up
method of contraception must be used for 1 wk
46. Clinical Uses
Can’t or won’t take daily OC
Breast feeding
Can start after 6 weeks
Efficacy: 99.7% ( theoretical and actual)
47. DMPA CONTRAINDICATIONS
Absolute contraindications
Pregnancy
Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Current breast ca
Relative contraindications
Severe liver cirrhosis
Active viral hepatitis
Benign hepatic adenoma
48. DMPA SIDE-EFFECTS
1- Menstrual cycle disturbance
Irregular bleeding ↓ in frequency & amount over
time
Abnormally heavy or prolonged occurred only in 1-2%
Amennorrhea 55-60% at 12 M
68% at 24 M
2-Hormonal side effects
Headache 17%
Acne
↓↓ libido
Nausea
Breast tenderness
49. DMPA SIDE-EFFECTS
3-Weight gain
56% ↑↑ Wt ( mean gain 4.1 kg) possibly through
appetite stimulation & a mild anabolic effect
44% ↓ Wt or maintained (mean loss 1.7 kg)
4-Mood effects
Prospective studies did not demonstrate ↑ depressive
symptoms
Some women discontinue use because of mood
changes
50. DMPA RISKS
1-Delayed return of fertility
An average of 9 months delay before restoration of
full fertility after last injection
Rate of conception 50% at 10 M, 90% at 24 M
2-Reduction in bone mineral density
A mean loss of BMD at the lumbar spine 0.87-3.5%
Increase risk of osteoporosis
It improves after discontinuation of use
3-VTE, CVD, Stroke No ↑ risk
51. PROGESTIN IMPLANTS
NORPLANT Levonorgestril
Implanon Etonogestrel
Highly effective failure rate 0.1% / year
Implanon consist of single silastic rod that are
inserted subdermally under local anaesthetic into
the upper arm
Women < 70 kg effective for 7 Y pearl index < 2
Reversible contraception
Mechanism of action
Suppression of ovulation
Endometrial atrophy
Rendering Cx mucous impermeable to sperms
Prolonged irregular bleeding the major side effect
55. Copper _IUCDs
What are their main advantages?
Effective in general for 10 years
Do not interrupt sex
Normal fertility returns as soon as they are removed
What are their main disadvantages?
May cause heavier, longer or more painful periods,
increased cramping and dizziness
Do not protect against STIs
Small risk of expulsion or perforation
55
56. Hormonal IUCD
What are its main advantages?
Effective for up to five years
Does not interrupt sex
Option for those who cannot tolerate estrogens and those breast-feeding
Periods become lighter and shorter, and less painful
Normal fertility returns quickly when the IUS is removed
Not affected by other medicines
Protection against pelvic inflammatory disease
What are their main disadvantages?
Can cause irregular bleeding, particularly for the first three months
May cause temporary side-effects such as headaches, breast
tenderness ,acne and nausea
Small risk of expulsion or perforation
Functional ovarian cyst
56
57. INDICATIONS FOR IUCD
In the absence of contraindications may be
considered for any woman seeking a reliable,
reversible, independent method of contraception
Women seeking long term birth control
A method requiring less compliance
Women with contraindications to estrogen
Breast feeding women
Copper IUCD used for emergency contraception
within 7 days
LNG- IUCD ↓↓ menstrual flow & cramping suitable
for women with menorrhagia & dysmenorrhea
58. IUCD CONTRAINDICATIONS
Absolute contraindications
Pregnancy
Current, recurrent or recent (within 3 M) PID or
sexually transmitted disease
Puerperal sepsis
Immediate post septic abortion
Severely distorted uterine cavity
Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Cx or endometrial ca
Malignant trophoblastic disease
Copper allergy Copper -IUCD
Breast ca LNG -IUCD
59. IUCD CONTRAINDICATIONS
Relative contraindications
Risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases or
HIV
Impaired response to infections:
-HIV +ve women
-Women on corticosteroid Rx
48hrs- 4 wks postpartum
Ovarian ca
Benign gestational trophoblastic disease
60. IUCD PROBLEMS
1-Uterine perforation
A rare complication at insertion
Risk factors
Postpartum insertion
Inexperienced operator
Immobile uterus
Extremely ante or retro –verted uterus
2-Expulsion
2-10% in the 1st year of use
Risk factors: postpartum insertion, nulliparity,previous
expulsion(30% chance)
61. IUCD PROBLEMS
3-Infection
Risk is ↑↑ only in the 1st few months after insertion
Inverse relation between infection & time since insertion
4-Failure
If a woman become pregnant with an IUCD exclude ectopic
Abortion is ↑↑ in women pregnant with IUCD in place
Preterm delivery ↑↑ in women pregnant with IUCD in place
62. FOLLOW UP
A follow up visit must be scheduled in 6 wks then
yearly
Women must be instructed to come if;
IUCD thread can not be felt
She feels the lower end of the IUCD
Pregnant
Abdominal pain, fever or unusual discharge
Pain or discomfort during intercourse
Sudden change in menstrual period
Wants to remove the device or concieve
63. Emergency Contraception
Is any drug or device used after
intercourse to prevent
pregnancy ,to prevent
implantation of fertilized egg
65. Emergency Contraceptive
Pills: Progestin-only
Birth control pills containing only progestin •
2 doses :First dose within 72(120) hours after •
intercourse
Second dose 12 hours later(or maybe not!) •
Or single dose of 1 .5mg of levonorgestrel •
Less nausea/vomiting than combined ECPs •
66. Emergency Copper IUD
Insertion
Copper- IUCD . •
can be inserted up to 7 days after •
intercourse
Much more effective than ECPs •
Not recommended for women at risk of •
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
67. Emergency Contraceptive
Effectiveness
If 1000 women have unprotected sex once
in the second or third week of their cycle
# of Pregnancies % Reduction
No treatment 80
Combined ECPs 20 75%
Progestin Only
10 88%
ECPs
IUD Insertion 1 99%
68. Sterilisation
What is it?
Permanent method of contraception for people who do not want
children now or in the future
How does it work?
Male sterilisation (vasectomy)
The tubes that carry sperm are cut and blocked, so that
while ejaculation can take place, no sperm is present
Female sterilisation
The Fallopian tubes are cut or blocked so that
the egg cannot meet sperm
68
70. Sterilisation
What are its main advantages?
Permanent and highly effective
Does not interrupt sex
What are its main disadvantages?
Cannot be reversed (except by using complex and potentially
dangerous surgery which is not successful in all cases)
Does not protect against STIs
70