The document provides information on the female reproductive system. It begins by describing the development of the ovaries and their coverings in the third week of intrauterine life. It then discusses the structure and layers of the ovaries, including the germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, medulla, cortex, and ovarian follicles. Various stages of follicle development are also outlined, from primordial follicles to Graafian follicles. The structure and layers of the fallopian tubes and uterus are then described. Finally, it discusses the external genitalia including the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and perineum.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
The organs of the male reproductive system include the
testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens,ejaculatory ducts, and urethra).
accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands),
several supporting structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
The testes (male gonads) produce sperm and secrete hormones.
The duct system transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, and conveys them to the exterior.
Semen contains sperm plus the secretions provided by the accessory sex glands.
The supporting structures have various functions. The penis delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract and the scrotum supports the testes.
01.28.09(b): Histology of the Male Reproductive SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Endocrine / Reproduction sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Endo
this is only for study purpose. students can refer it any time. it is easy to understand by every one. it help to improve knowledge regarding reproductive male system- both external, internal & supporting structure.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
The organs of the male reproductive system include the
testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens,ejaculatory ducts, and urethra).
accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands),
several supporting structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
The testes (male gonads) produce sperm and secrete hormones.
The duct system transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, and conveys them to the exterior.
Semen contains sperm plus the secretions provided by the accessory sex glands.
The supporting structures have various functions. The penis delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract and the scrotum supports the testes.
01.28.09(b): Histology of the Male Reproductive SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Endocrine / Reproduction sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Endo
this is only for study purpose. students can refer it any time. it is easy to understand by every one. it help to improve knowledge regarding reproductive male system- both external, internal & supporting structure.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Female reproductive system. Anatomy of female reproductive organs, oogenesis, hormonal regulation of ovaries and Female reproductive cycle (Mentrual cycle) are explained.
Located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called scrotum.
Scrotum provides low temperature required for spermatogenesis.
Each testis is about 4 to 5 cm length and 2 to 3 cm width.
Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules.
Each lobule contains one to three seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous tubules lined by male germ cells and Sertoli cells.
Male germ cell undergoes meiosis and produce sperm.
Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cell and the sperm.
In between the seminiferous tubule there is interstitial cell or Leydig
cell.
Leydig cells produce testicular hormones
called androgen (testosteron It is the primary female sex organs that produce the female
gamete (ovum).
It also produces several steroid hormones.
The ovaries located in the lower abdomen.
Each ovary is about 2-4 cm in length.
Connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.
Each ovary is covered by thin epithelium which encloses the
ovarian stroma
The ovarian stroma has two zones
A peripheral cortex.
An inner medulla.
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
6. Medulla: loose vascular C.T.
Hilus cell:
Like leydig cell in males
Secrete Androgen like substance
No follicles, no ova, no oocytes in medulla
(all follicles and ova are found in the cortex)
428HISTICS6
7. Two types of cells
1. Ovarian follicles (next slide)
2. Interstitial cells between follicles
Fibroblast like
Also known as (stromal cell)
428HISTICS7
8. Before the onset of puberty all the
follicles are primordial follicles
(so it is present before & after
puberty) non-growing – flat layer of
cells
Follicles present only after puberty
(growing) :
Unilaminar primary follicles
Multilaminar primary follicle
Secondary Follicles
Graffian Follices
Then it ruptures, releasing the oocyte to
become corpus luteum
428
9. Contain primary oocyte in the
prophase of meiosis I
Except in the last stage in
the mature (graafian folliicle) then it becomes a secondary
oocyte
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by one or more
layers of cells called follicular cells
Primary oocyte is separated from follicular cells by
zona reticularis, made by the primary oocyte and the 1st
layer
of follicular cells
The follicular cells are seperated from the CT of the
cortex (stroma) by a basal lamina
10. Abundant before birth
Its primary oocytes:
Spherical cell
Nucleus: large, vesicular, 1 prominent nucleolus
Follicular cells:
squamous,
attached by desmosomes,
has basal lamina.
428
11. Growth of oocyteGrowth of oocyte
It increases in size(120µm).It increases in size(120µm).
Increase of nuclear size.Increase of nuclear size.
Increase number of mitochondria.Increase number of mitochondria.
Increase RER.Increase RER.
Increase Golgi apparatus which becomesIncrease Golgi apparatus which becomes
peripheral in position.peripheral in position.
13. Primary oocyte enlarges.
Follicular cells become cuboidal .
Subdivided into:
Unilaminar primary follicle: follicular cells
arranged in 1 layer
multilaminar primary follicle: More than one
layer
Zona pellucida starts to be made in the
unilaminar primary follicle, follicular(granulosa)
cells and oocyte secrete glycoproteins that
surround the oocyte
14. Stromal cells arranged around follicular cells forming:
Theca interna (vascular)
Theca externa (fibroblast)
Stromal cells: characteristics of steroid producing cells
numerous lipid droplets “ lipid in nature “
Separated from follicular (granulosa) cells by basal
lamina.
Theca interna: vascularized, more cellular, less fibrous,
SER, mitochondria, pale cytoplasm
androstendion estrogen.androstendion estrogen.
theca externa: less vascularized, less cellular,
more fibrous
granulosa cellsgranulosa cells
15. Intercellular space filled with liquor folliculi (liquid)
Oocyte surrounded by of granulose cells project into the
fluid filled antrum known as cumulus oophorus
Single layer of granulose cells immediately surround
oocyte known as corona radiata.
A- The oocyte is fixed in zona pellucida by microvilli.
B-The layer of granulosa cells adherent to zona pellucida
is fixed into to it by filopodia.
NB-follicular fluid is formed of plasma, glycosaminoglycans,
steroid-binding protein and steroid hormones (estrogen-
progesterone-androgen)
16. Follicular cells of the wall of the follicles
composed of membrana granulose
at ovulation the oocyte will be secondary
17. remaining of graffian follicle
ruptured blood vessels form clot known as
corpus hemorrhagicum
clot removed by phagocytosis
LH converts hemorrhagicum into corpus
luteum
Function as endocrine gland
Composed of :
Granulosa lutein cells
Theca lutein cells
No pregnancy –> corpus of
menstruation
There’s pregnancy ->corpus of pregnancy
18. Granulosa lutein cells
80%
Derived from granulosa cells
Granulosa cells increase in size ( not in
number) giving granulosa lutein cells
Microvilli, has the organelles of steroid
producing cells
Some lipid droplets
Produce progesterone
19. 20%
Derived from theca interna cells (estrogen
precursors)
Organelles of steroid producing cells ( rich in lipid
droplets )
Produce progesterone , estrogen and
androgens
20. Corpus luteum invaded by fibroblasts
becomes fibrotic and is converted into
corpus albicans ( degenerated corpus
luteum )
So it is derived ONLY from corpus
luteum
21. Most follicles degenerate before reaching
mature stage
Forming atretic follicles
Theca interna Interstitial cellsTheca interna Interstitial cells (secrete steroid(secrete steroid
hormone)hormone)
Eventually phagocytosed by macrophage
22. Continuous with the wall of the uterus
Divided into four regions:
1. Infundibulum has fimbriae
2. Ampulla where fertilization occur
3. Isthmus
4. Intramural
region
23. Has three layers:
1. Mucosa
2. Muscularis
3. Serosa
Mucosa: longitudinal folds, simple columnar
epithelium, has two cells:
Peg cells: have no cilia secretory function
Columnar ciliated cells beat toward the uterus
24. longitudinal folds (infudibulum & ampulla),
simple columnar epithelium, has two cells:
Peg cells: have no cilia secretory function
Columnar ciliated cells beat toward the uterus
Lamina propria: loose connective tissue
contains fibroblasts mast cells
lymphocytes and collagen . Highly
vascular
25. 2. Muscularis: inner circular outer longitudinal
and connective tissue fills spaces between
them (thick in isthmus)
3. Serosa: simple squamous epithelium, loose
connective tissue has blood vessels and
autonomic nerve fibers
26. Uterus
Pear-shaped structure attached to oviducts at
upper end and to vagina at lower end
Uterine wall has 3 layers
Endometrium
Myometrium
Adventitia/Serosa
29. Early proliferativeEarly proliferative
phase of endometriumphase of endometrium
Late proliferative phaseLate proliferative phase
of endometriumof endometrium
Proliferation of glands,
stroma &vessels.(very
thick & rich in glands(
Gland is large
30. Early secretory phaseEarly secretory phase
of endometriumof endometrium
Late secretory phase ofLate secretory phase of
endometrium.endometrium.
Increase the size and
coiling of the glands.
Glycogen accumulates in
glandular epithelial cells
The glands are tortuous
and full of glycogen and
glycoprotein.
The stroma is highly
vascular.
31. menstruationmenstruation
Vasoconstriction in the spiral arterioles of the
functionalis layer,leads to ischemia and
degeneration of functionalis.
Leakage of blood.
Degeneration of stroma cells leads to collapse
of the glands.
Shedding of the functionalis menses
38. Simple columnar epithelium composed of
nonciliated secretory columnar cells and ciliated
cells
Lamina propria:
dense irregular collagenous connective tissue highly
cellular and contains star shaped cells , macrophages
leukocytes and reticular fibers. Houses branched
tubular glands
Consist of 2 layers:
Functionalis thick superficial layer
Basalis: deep narrow layer where glands and
connective tissue regenerate the functionalis
39. Layer of smooth muscle cells
Inner and outer longitudinal muscle layers
Middle circular
Highly vascularized region (stratum vasculare)
houses arcuate arteries
When covered by serosa it will be squamous
mesothelial cells resting on areolar connective
tissue.
41. Lined by mucous secreting
simple columnar epithelium
External surface covered by stratified
squamous nonkeratinized epithelium “ similar to
wall of vagina “
Wall of the cervix dense collagenous
connective tissue with many elastic fibers and
few smooth muscle fibers
Cervix mucosa will not sloughed off during
menses.
Non – muscular
42. Endocervical mucus glands – tubular glands in the lamina propria continuous
with the surface mucus secreting epithelium
Mucus Glands
43. Vagina with a mucus membrane of Stratified Squamous non-Keratinized
Epithelium and a fibrous lamina propria
44. placentaplacenta
early late
The placenta barrier is formed ofThe placenta barrier is formed of::
1-Syncytiotrophoblasts.
2-Cytotrophoblasts
.3-Basment membrane of cytotrphoblasts.
4-CT. core
5-basment membrane capillary endothelial cells
6-Capillary endothelial cells
The placenta barrier is formed of 5 layersThe placenta barrier is formed of 5 layers:
1-Syncytiotrophoblasts
2-Basment membrane of trophoblasts
3-CT core.
4-Basment membrane of endothelial cells
of the capillary of villi.
5-Capillary endothelial cells.
*Synctyiotrophoblast erodes
maternal blood vessels
*from the remainder of
trophoblasts chorion
developes and gives rise to
chorionic villi
at full term the placenta will not have
cytotrophoblast
45. lumen is lined by stratified squamous
nonkeratinized epithelium
the cells store large deposits of glycogen
lamina propria: loose fibroelastic connective
tissue with lymphocytes and neutrophill ,no
glands, pale cytoplasm , acidic , no goblet cell
It’ kept wet by endometrium
muscularis: outer longitudinal inner circular “
not continous , interrupted by C.T “
adventitia: dense fibroelastic connective tissue
46. EXTERNAL GENTILIA
The vulva refers to those parts
that are outwardly visible
The vulva includes:
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Urethral opening
Vaginal opening
Perineum
Individual differences in:
Size
Coloration
Shape
Of external gentalia are
common
47.
48. MONS PUBIS
The triangular mound of fatty tissue that
covers the pubic bone
It protects the pubic symphysis
During adolescence sex hormones trigger the
growth of pubic hair on the mons pubis
Hair varies in coarseness curliness, amount,
color and thickness
49. LABIA MAJORA
Referred to as the outer lips
They have a darker pigmentation
The Labia Majora:
Protect the introitus and urethral openings
Are covered with hair and sebaceous glands
Tend to be smooth, moist, and hairless
Become flaccid with age and after childbirth
50. LABIA MINORA
Referred to as the “inner lips”
Made up of erectile, connective tissue that
darkens and swells during sexual arousal
Located inside the labia majora
They are more sensitive and responsive to
touch than the labia majora
The labia minora tightens during intercourse
51. CLITORIS
Highly sensitive organ composed of nerves, blood
vessels, and erectile tissue
Located under the prepuce
It is made up of a shaft and a glans
Becomes engorged with blood during sexual
stimulation
Key to sexual pleasure for most women
Urethral opening is located directly below clitoris
52. VAGINAL OPENING
INTROITUS
Opening may be covered by a thin sheath
called the hymen
Using the presence of an intact hymen for
determining virginity is erroneous
Some women are born without hymens
The hymen can be perforated by many
different events
53. PERINEUM
The muscle and tissue located between the vaginal
opening and anal canal
It supports and surrounds the lower parts of the
urinary and digestive tracts
The perinium contains an abundance of nerve
endings that make it sensitive to touch
An episiotomy is an incision of the perinium used
during childbirth for widening the vaginal opening
54. at puberty there is an increase in connective
and adipose tissue , C.T
the glands within the breast are classified as
compound tubuloalveolar glands,
55. lactiferous sinus and duct lined by stratified cuboidal
epithelium
smaller ducts are lined by simple columnar
epithelium
myoepithelial cells are present
Terminal ends of the ducts show dilated acini
Each lobule will be enlarged
while the inter and
intra-lobular
tissues are decreased.
56. alveoli composed of cuboidal cells
secretion have two kinds : lipids and proteins
lipids secreted by apocrine mode
proteins secreted by merocrine mode
reduction of interlobular tissue. reduction of
intralobular CT.distended acini (alveoli) with
milk.Acini are lined with flat epith.
NB.Suckling stimulate prolactin
and oxytocin hormones secretion
LactatingLactating
57. Mechanism of milk secretion
Contain protein , lipid , water , myoepithelial
cell “ contractile “