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This document provides an overview of common head and neck disorders involving the upper airway and digestive tract. It discusses the anatomy and pathology of various structures like the oral cavity, nasal passages, larynx, ears, and salivary glands. Common conditions are organized by etiology into degenerative, inflammatory, and neoplastic categories. Examples provided include dental caries, periodontal disease, sinusitis, nasal polyps, papillomas, pleomorphic adenomas, and various carcinomas. The objective is to understand deviations from normal anatomy and histology in this region.
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- 1. ENT Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Soft Palate Epiglottis Esophagus
- 2. Head & Neck(ENT) PATHOLOGY OTOLARYNGOLOGY OBJECTIVE:
- 3. Understand the commondisorders of the upper airway and upper digestive tract (i.e., head and neck) in the usual context of: DEGENERATIVE, INFLAMMATORY, and NEOPLASTIC …deviations of normal anatomy and histology
- 4. ETIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS MORPHOLOGY CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- 5. EVERYTHING that touchesAIR (columnar) or FOOD (squamous) in the HEAD/NECK region ORAL CAVITY “UPPER” RESPIRATORY TRACT EARS NOSE SALIVARY GLANDS
- 7. ORAL CAVITY •TEETH/GINGIVA/ALVEOLAR BONE • INFLAMMATORY/”REACTIVE” LESIONS • INFECTIONS: HSV, VIRAL, FUNGI • LEUKOPLAKIA/”HAIRY” LEUKOPLAKIA • SQUAMOUS TUMORS: BEN/MALIG • ODONTOGENIC CYSTS/TUMORS
- 8. “UPPER” AIRWAYS •NOSE: Inflammation, Tumors • NASOPHARYNX: Inflammation, Tumors • PARANASAL SINUSES: Inflammation, Tumors • LARYNX: Inflammation, Tumors
- 9. EARS • DEGENERATION: OTOSCLEROSIS • INFLAMMATION: • NEOPLASMS:
- 10. NECK • BRANCHIAL(cleft) CYST • THYROGLOSSAL (duct/tract) CYST • PARAGANGLIOMA (Carotid Body Tumor)
- 11. SALIVARY GLANDS •DEGENERATION: Xerostomia • INFLAMMATION • NEOPLASMS –BENIGN: Pleomorphic Adenoma (aka, “Mixed” Tumor), Warthin Tumor –MALIGNANT: (Mucoepidermoid, Adenoid Cystic, Adenocarcinomas)
- 13. Tooth Decay (Cavities,“Caries”) • “Processed” carbohydrates, i.e., sugars • Bacterial (Strep. mutans, lactobacilli) acidic erosion of enamel • Role of pH, spacing, brushing, Fl • Tartarplaquecalculus = bacteria, proteins, cells
- 16. Periodontal Disease •Bacteria –Actinobacillus –Porphyromonas –Prevotella • Gingiva, periodontal ligaments, bone, cementum
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- 19. “Canker” sore =Aphthous ulcer
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- 25. Arnault Tzanck, Russiandermatologist, 1886-1954
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- 36. ODONTOGENIC CYSTS/TUMORS •INFLAMMATORY CYSTS • DEVELOPMENTAL CYSTS (DENTIGEROUS most common) • MALIGNANT TUMORS of ODONTOGENIC ORIGIN (AMELOBLASTOMAS) (rare)
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- 38. Rhinitis/Sinusitis • Veryoften allergic, a swab showing many eosinophils may prove this • Very often associated with URI’s in general, usually viral • Just about every organism imaginable has been implicated at one time or another, bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.
- 39. NOSE/SINUS/NASOPHARYNX “TUMORS” •“Polyps”---really NOT a tumor • Angiofibroma • Papilloma • Plasmacytoma • Neuroblastoma • Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- 40. INFLAMMATORY “POLYPS” OFNASAL CAVITY The INFLAMMATION/NEOPLASM LINK?
- 42. “NECROTIZING” Upper AirwayLesions • “WEGENER” Granulomatosis • “Lethal” Midline Granuloma
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- 57. The Tympanic Cavity Chorda Tympani N. (CN VII) Tendon of Tensor Tympani M. (V3) Incus Tendon of Stapedius M. (CN VII) Stapes Cut edge of tympanum Malleus
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- 66. ZELLBALLEN CAROTID BODYTUMOR “balls of cells” “zellballen”
- 67. NORMAL ACUTE SIALADENITIS CHRONIC SIALADENITIS
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- 71. P A R O T I D
- 75. Most Common SALIVARY Gland Tumors • BENIGN – “PLEOmorphic adenoma, i.e., “MIXED” tumor” – Warthin Tumor (PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA LYMPHOMATOSUM) • MALIGNANT – All are adenocarcinomas. Why? – Mucoepidermoid carcinoma – Adenoid cystic carcinoma
- 76. PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA i.e.,MIXED TUMOR
- 77. PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA LYMPHOMATOSUM Better known as: WARTHIN TUMOR
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