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Diversity And Classification of
Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Rosids
ROSIDS
• Very large, monophyletic group of
Eudicots
• Linked by no clear non-molecularLinked by no clear non molecular
apomorphies
• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) &
crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids]
Myrtaceae - Myrtle family
(myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species
• trees and shrubs
• with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves
• Usually epiperigynous flowers with
numerous stamens.numerous stamens.
• Papery or flaky bark
• Aromatic – terpenes, spicy resin
• Leaves pellucid-dotted
Ca 4-5 Co 4-5 A ∞ G (2-5), inferior
[rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with
hypanthium.
MYRTACEAE
• Psidium guajava “guava”
• Eucalyptus “well” “conceal”, referring
to operculum covering stamens in budto operculum covering stamens in bud
• Syzygium samarangense “makopa”
• Syzygium cumini “duhat” = Eugenia
jambolana
• Callistemon
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Leptospermum
laevigatum
LYTHRACEAE
• Herbs, shrubs, trees
• Leaves opposite, alternate or whorled
• Stipules minute or absent• Stipules minute or absent
LYTHRACEAE
• Flowers bisexual
• Usually regular
• Petals crumpled in
b d i kl d tbud, wrinkled at
maturity
• Stamens in 2
whorls
• Ca4,6,8Co4,6,8A8-
16G(2-6)
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LYTHRACEAE
• Ovary superior
• 2-6 locules and
carpels
Pl t ti il• Placentation axile
• Fruit berry or
capsule
• Exalbuminous
LYTHRACEAE
• Lagerstroemia speciosa “banaba”
• Cuphea hyssopifolia
• Lawsonia inermis “henna”• Lawsonia inermis henna
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
- Bean/Pea family
(after faba, Latin name for broad bean). 643 genera / 18,000 species
• trees, shrubs, vines, or herbs,
• stipulate, often compound leaves
Si l i ll i il i h i l• Single, unicarpellous pistil with marginal
placentation
• legume (or modified legume)
Ca 5 or (5) Co 5 or (5) A 10 or (10) to ∞ G 1
superior, hypanthium sometimes present
worldwide distribution
ecologically important for nitrogen-fixing
rhizobial nodules
pulses (e.g., beans, peas, soybeans, etc.),
fodder plants, oils, timber trees, gums,
dyes and insecticidesdyes, and insecticides.
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Fabaceae: 3 subfamilies
Caesalpinioideae
Flowers zygomorphic; petals distinct; posterior petal
inner to laterals; stamens distinct.
Mimosoideae
Flowers actinomorphic; petals distinct or connate;
stamens often ∞ showy; flowers often denselystamens often ∞, showy; flowers often densely
aggregated.
Faboideae (=Papilionoideae)
Flowers zygomorphic; perianth papilionaceous;
posterior petal outer to laterals; stamens connate.
Caesalpinioideae
Flowers zygomorphic
Petals distinct
Posterior petal inner to laterals
SStamens distinct
posterior
petal
inner to
laterals
Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree
Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree
stamens
distinct
style
Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree
ovary
stipe
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Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family
(after Euphorbus, physician to the king of Mauritania, 1st century).
313 genera / 8,100 species
unisexual flowers with a superior,
usually 3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per carpel,
apical-axile in placentation;
Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or
usually white (“milky”) latex
Euphorbioideae -cyathium inflorescence.
K0 A 1 G 0
K0 A0 G (3)
cyathium
An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual
flowers and subtended by an involucre
(frequently with petaloid glands), the
entire inflorescence resembling a single
flower.
EUPHORBIACEAE
• Manihot esculenta “cassava” or
“kamoteng kahoy”
• Euphorbia sppEuphorbia spp.
• Euphorbia pulcherrima “poinsettia”
• Jatropha spp.
• Ricinus communis “castor plant”
• Antidesma “bignay”
EUPHORBIACEAE
• Phyllanthus acidus “karmay”
• Acalypha hispida “chenille plant”
• Pedilanthus tithymalloides• Pedilanthus tithymalloides
• Aleurites moluccana “lumbang”,
“candlenut tree”
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• Ricinus communis, the source of castor bean oil and
the deadly poison ricin
• Hevea brasiliensis, the major source of natural, j
rubber;
• Manihot esculentus, cassava/manioc
• Oil (biodiesel, Jatropha), timber, medicinal, dye, and
ornamental plants.
Euphorbia grandicornis
Euphorbia spp.
Manihot esculenta Manioc
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Moraceae — Mulberry family
(Latin name for mulberry). ca. 40 genera / 1100 species
monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs,
lianas, or herbs
milky latex,
stipulate, simple leavesstipulate, simple leaves
• Stipules sheathing
fruit a multiple of achenes or syconium.
K4 A 0 G (2)
K4 A1 G 0
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MORACEAE
• Ficus sp. – figs
• Artocarpus – “jackfruit”, “marang”,
“antipolo”antipolo
• Broussonetia “himbabao”
• Morus alba “mulberry”
Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit),
Ficus carica (edible fig),
Morus spp. (mulberry);pp ( y)
paper, rubber, and timber trees; and some cultivated
ornamentals, -Ficus spp., figs;
the leaves of Morus alba are the food source of
silkworm moth larvae.
Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family
(name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species
Malvaceae s. l.
• herbs, shrubs, or trees,
• often with stellate trichomes,
• typically with an epicalyx• typically with an epicalyx,
• calyx valvate, corolla often convolute
• stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles
• Monothecal or bithecal anthers
• Ca (5) Co 5 A ∞ G (5) superior
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A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l.
formerly 4 families:
Malvaceae, s.s.
Bombacaceae
St liSterculiaceae
Tiliaceae
Economic importance includes medicinal plants;
Gossypium spp. (cotton, the world’s most important fiber plant)
Ceiba pentandra (kapok), in both of which the seed trichomes
are utilized,
Corchorus spp. (jute), a bast fiber plant
food and flavoring plants
- Theobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), ColaTheobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), Cola
nitida (cola), Abelmoschus (okra), and Durio zibethinus
(durian);
- ornamental cultivars such as Chorisia (floss-silk tree),
Hibiscus (mallows), and Tilia (linden tree).
- Adansonia digitata (baobab, tropical Africa) - economic or
ecological importance.
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Theobroma
cacao
Cacao, source
of chocolate
ANACARDIACEAE
• Trees
• Resin caustic, turns black upon exposure
• Terpenes, tannins, oleoresins (phenolic
compounds that cause contact dermatitis)compounds that cause contact dermatitis),
biflavones
• Leaves usually alternate, may be opposite
• Simple or compound
• Exstipulate
ANACARDIACEAE
• Flowers bisexual or
unisexual by
reduction
• Terminal panicles
• Sepals 3 5• Sepals 3-5
• Petals 3-5
• Annular disc +
• Stamens 5-10,
emerge from base
of disc
ANACARDIACEAE
• Carpels 1-3-(5)
• 1-3 locules, only one fertile
• 1 ovule per locule• 1 ovule per locule
• 1-3 styles
• Fruit drupe
• Could be winged with persistent sepals
ANACARDIACEAE
• Anacardium occidentale “kasuy”
• Mangifera “mango”
• Dracontomelon “dao”
ANACARDIACEAE
• Spondias “siniguelas”
• Semecarpus cuneiformis “ligas”
• Toxicodendron “poison ivy”
• Pistacia vera “pistachio”p
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MELIACEAE
• Trees or shrubs
• Triterpenoids
• Leaves mostly pinnatey p
• Exstipulate
MELIACEAE
• Flowers bisexual
• Regular
• Cyme or panicle
• Disc +
St 8 10 i• Stamens 8-10, in
a “peculiar”
staminal tube
• Ca4-5Co4-5A5-10
G2-6
MELIACEAE
• 2-6 carpels/ 2-
6 locules
• 1-2 ovules per
locule
• Placentation
axileaxile
• Fruit capsule
or baccate
• Arillate or
winged seeds
• Endosperm ±
MELIACEAE
• Sandoricum koetjape “santol”
• Swietenia microphylla “mahogany”
• Lansium domesticum “lanzones”
“• Azadirachta indica “neem tree”
• Melia azedarach “Chinaberry”
= Melia dubia
Diversity And Classification of
Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Asterids
Michael G. Simpson
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Asterids
• Very large, diverse group
• 10 orders, many families
• Putative apomorphies:• Putative apomorphies:
– iridoid compounds
– sympetalous corolla
– ovules: unitegmic (one integument),
tenuinucellate (megasporangium 1-cell
thick)
Apocynaceae, s.l. - Dogbane/Milkweed
family (Greek for "away from dog," in reference to past use
of some taxa as a dog poison). 411 genera / 4,650 species.
The Apocynaceae, s.l.
• Milky latex
• 2-carpellatep
• 5-merous perianth/androecium,
• the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels,
• ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate
Ca (5) Co (5) A 5 or (5) G (2), superior,
APOCYNACEAE
• Bud contorted
• Gamopetalous
• Anthers sagittate
• Stigma thickened
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Nerium oleander - adelfa
• Allamanda “yellow bell”
• Plumeria “kalachuchi”
• Nerium oleander “adelfa”
• Thevetia “false yellow bell”
Rubiaceae — Coffee family
(after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)
630 genera / 10,200 species.
Leaves simple, entire, usually decussate leaves
connate stipules, the stipules often with mucilage-
secreting colleters
usually a cyme,
Flowers bisexual the perianth dichlamydeous perianthFlowers bisexual, the perianth dichlamydeous, perianth
and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in
some),
ovary usually inferior
Ca (4-5) Co (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) usually inferior
Rubiaceae — Coffee family
(after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)
630 genera / 10,200 species.
worldwide distribution, more concentrated in tropical
regions.
Cinchona, the source of quinine used to treat malaria,, q ,
Coffea arabica and other species, the source of coffee,
Pausinystalia johimbe, the source of the sexual
stimulant yohimbine,
some timber trees, fruiting plants, dye plants (such as
Rubia, madder), and ornamental cultivars (e.g.,
Pentas, among others).
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Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family
(Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name
used by Pliny). 251 genera / 6,700 species.
often aromatic with ethereal oils
with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves
verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary
in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic],
usually bilabiate flowers
deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") and
gynobasic style
Ca (5) Co (5) A 4 G (2), superior, hypanthium absent.
Mentha, mint;
Ocimum, basil;
Rosmarinus rosemary;Rosmarinus, rosemary;
Salvia, sage;
Thymus, thyme
Leaves opposite; stems 4-
sided
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Inflorescence a thyrse or verticillaster (usu.) Flowers zygomorphic; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate
carpels 2; style gynobasic
Fruit a schizocarp of
nutlets
Ocimum basilicum BASIL
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Asteraceae (Compositae)
Characteristics:
Inflorescence a head (capitulum):
subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral
bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the
involucre.
Calyx modified as pappus.
Stamens syngenesious.
K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal
ovule
Fruit an achene.
Asteraceae (=Compositae) -
Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries,
--bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of
t l di k fl d i h l fl )central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers),
with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or
capillary bristles (or absent),
the androecium syngenesious,
inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule,
the fruit a multiple of achenes.
Asteraceae (=Compositae) -
Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
Ca 0-∞ (pappus)
Co (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowers
A (5) [(4)]
G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent.
Asteraceae: floral variation
Three types of flowers:
1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2
lips
2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral)
with 1 lobe
3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed
Three types of heads:
1) discoid, with only disk flowers;
2) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk
flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray
flowers;flowers;
3) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with
5-toothed corolla apices);
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ligulate / raydisk
anthers
connate
syngenesious
Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all
rays)
ligulate corolla
Rafinesquia neomexicana Malacothrix californica
Disk flower: heads discoid
disk corolla
Palafoxia arida
Psathyrotes ramosissimaChaenactis gabriuscula
Heads radiate: inner disk & outer ray
fls.
ray flowersdisk flowers
Xylorhiza orcuttiiEncelia farinosa
ovary
Some heads are "chaffy"
chaff :
bracts
disk
flower
Encelia californica
bracts
subtending
flowers
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Involucre morphology
one whorl two whorls many whorls
Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis maritima Encelia californica
Phyllaries spiny
Involucre morphology
Phyllaries spiny & squarrose
Circium vulgare Silybum marianum
Pappus:
modified calyx
capillary bristles:
barbellate
capillary bristles:
plumose
beak
capillary bristles,
borne atop "beak"
Pappus: modified calyx
ASTERACEAE
• Anthers 3-5, united syngenesious
ASTERACEAE
• Gynoecium
bicarpellate
• Uniloculate
• InferiorInferior
• Uniovulate
• Placentation basal
• Fruit achene with
coma or tuft of
hair cypsela
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Diversity And Classification of
Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Rosids
ROSIDS
• Very large, monophyletic group of
Eudicots
• Linked by no clear non-molecularLinked by no clear non molecular
apomorphies
• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) &
crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids]
Myrtaceae - Myrtle family
(myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species
• trees and shrubs
• with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves
• Usually epiperigynous flowers with
numerous stamens.numerous stamens.
• Papery or flaky bark
• Aromatic – terpenes, spicy resin
• Leaves pellucid-dotted
Ca 4-5 Co 4-5 A ∞ G (2-5), inferior
[rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with
hypanthium.
MYRTACEAE
• Psidium guajava “guava”
• Eucalyptus “well” “conceal”, referring
to operculum covering stamens in budto operculum covering stamens in bud
• Syzygium samarangense “makopa”
• Syzygium cumini “duhat” = Eugenia
jambolana
• Callistemon](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)