The document provides an overview of asexual propagation methods in plants, including cutting, layering, and grafting. It explains the benefits of asexual propagation such as uniformity and disease resistance, along with its disadvantages like the risk of systemic infections. Various techniques for each method are detailed, offering guidance on how to effectively propagate new plants using vegetative parts.

1. Asexual Propagation in Plants
Cutting
Layering
Grafting
Surya S
21PHBOF002

2. Vegetative Propagation is defined as the
production of new plants from the vegetative
parts like stem, leaf, roots of the parent plant

3. Introduction
It is the process of multiplication in which a
portion or fragment of the plant body
functions as propagate and develops into a new
individual.
Also known as Asexual propagation
There are different types of vegetative
propagations.

4. Why Use Asexual Propagation
 Uniformity
Propagate non-seed producing plants
 Avoid seed-borne diseases
 To create insect or disease resistant plants
To incorporate environmental tolerances
To reproduce and retain the genetic traits of a hybrid
Control size and form of a plant
 Can be faster and easier, cheaper.

5. Disadvantages of Asexual Propagation
Uniformity (may not be desired)
 Short storage time (live cuttings)
 Bulky (vs. seeds)
Systemic infections can be spread easily, as the plants are
clones (genetically identical)

6. Cutting
A cutting is separated portion of root, stem or leaf. It
is very common method employed for artificial
vegetative propagation.
 Eg : Sugar cane, Roses, Citrus, Duranta, Grapes, Cocoa,
Bougainvillea.

7. Types of cutting
Stem cutting
Leaf cutting
 Root cutting

8. Stem cutting
Single node stem cutting – if internode is greater
than 1.5 cm.
 Double node stem cutting – if internode is 1.5 cm.
Multiple node stem cutting – if internode is very
small.
 Soft wood cutting
Hard wood cutting

10.  stem-tip cuttings or terminal cuttings: the tip of the stem is cut out and used to
produce a new plant. The cutting must be about 8 cm long and must have leaves. The
cut may be made at the node or internode of the stem.
 Stem-section cuttings: pieces of stem are used for planting. Each piece must
contain at least one bud.
 Softwood cuttings: These are the stem cuttings, taken from soft and non-lignified
tissues of shrubs or deciduous trees. Rose, plum, lilac, etc are propagated by this
method.
 Herbaceous cuttings: These are the softwood cuttings of mostly succulent plants.
Geraniun, Chrysanthemum, Coleus
 Conifer cuttings: These are the hardwood cuttings from narrow-leaved conifers.
They are usually taken during early winter. Conifer cuttings produce roots very
slowly,

11. Leaf Cutting
 There are four main kinds of leaf cuttings, namely
 partial leaf cuttings, full leaf cuttings, leaf-vein cuttings and leaf-
bud cuttings.
 1. Partial leaf cuttings and full leaf cuttings: These are the
herbaceous cuttings which involve either a piece of a leaf or an
entire leaf. Begonia, Peperomia, Sansevieria
 2. Leaf-vein cuttings: In this method, cutting is made at several
points through leaf-veins. The leaf is then placed face down on the
propagation medium. Plantlets grow from the cut points which touch
the medium.
 3. Leaf-bud cuttings: These are short pieces of stem, with an
attached leaf and a bud in the leaf axil. This method is useful when
the source of cutting is limited.

12. Root cutting
 Root cuttings: Often, cut pieces of roots are used for growing new
plants. A number of garden shrubs and trees can be multiplied by
root cutting

13. Layering
The development of roots on a stem while
the stem is still attached to the parent plant
is called layering.
 A layer is the rooted stem following
detachment (removal) from the parent plant.
Layering are of different types

14. Types of layering
Bend a low growing, flexible stem to the
ground
Cover part of it with soil, leaving the
remaining 6 to 12 inches above the soil
Bend the tip into a vertical position and
stake in place.
Wounding the lower side of the bent
branch may help in rooting.

15. Compound layering
Bend the stem to the rooting
medium as for simple layering, but
alternately cover and expose
sections of the stem.
Wound the lower side of each stem
section to be covered.
Each section should have at least
one bud exposed and one bud
covered with soil. This method
works well for plants producing
vine-like growth.

16. Trench layering
The layering in which a branch is bent to the
ground and is placed straight in a shallow
trench, and then covered with soil.
 Roots and shoots sprout from all its nodes.
Each plantlet is then cut away, planted
elsewhere, and allowed to grow
independently.

17. Mound layering
 Also called as stool layering
 Cut the plant back to 1 inch above the soil
surface in the dormant season. Dormant buds
will produce new shoots in the spring.
 Mound soil over the new shoots as they grow.
Roots will develop at the bases of the young
shoots.
 Remove the layers in the dormant season.
Works well on heavy- stemmed, closely
branched shrubs and root stocks of tree fruits.

19. Air layering in monocots
 Make an upward 1- to 1 1/2-inch cut about one-third
through the stem. The cut is held open with a toothpick or
wooden match stick.
 Surround the wound with moist, unmilled sphagnum moss
(about a handful) that has been soaked in water and
squeezed to remove excess moisture.
 Wrap the moss with plastic or aluminium foil and hold in
place with twist ties or electrician’s tape.

20. Air layering in dicots
 With a sharp knife, make two parallel cuts about an inch
apart around the stem and through the bark and cambium
layer.
 Connect the two parallel cuts with one long cut.
 Remove the ring of bark, leaving the inner woody tissue
exposed. Scrape the newly bared ring to remove the
cambial tissue to prevent a bridge of callus tissue from
forming. Apply rooting hormone. Wrap and cover using the
same procedure as that described for monocots

21. Grafting
In this,two different plants are joined together so that
they continue their growth as one plant.
In grafting, a stem cutting from a donor plant is
incorporated with a rooted recipient plant. The donor and the
recipient usually belong to related species or varieties. The
stem cutting from the donor plant is called scion or graft.
The different methods of grafting includes
a) Approach grafting
b) Cleft grafting
c) Wedge grafting

22. Approach grafting
 Best methods of grafting for species which are difficult to
propagate by other methods.
 In approach grafting, scion and stock are rooted in soil. Pot-
grown stocks are usually used in this method. A piece of bark is
sliced away from corresponding portions of scion and stock.
Then, their cut portions are pressed against each other, sealed
with grafting wax, and tightly tied together.
2 types
 i. Splice approach grafting
 ii. Tongue approach grafting

23. Splice approach grafting
 In this method, both scion and stock must be of
equal thickness (10-12 mm in diameter). The pot
containing the root stock (usually seedlings) is
placed near the scion.
 A thin slice of bark and wood about 6-7 cm long
is removed from the stock at a height about 25-
30 cm from the soil surface. A similar cut is
made on the scion shoot also and they are tied
firmly with jute fibre, twine, waxed tape, or
adhesive rubber tape.
 Grafting wax is applied at the graft joint to
prevent the wilting of tissue. Strips of
polyethylene films are now used to protect the
graft union from sun and rain

24. Tongue approach grafting
 Also called tongue grafting, whip grafting, or splice grafting. This is
the most widely used grafting method. In it, stock and scion have
almost the same diameter.
 A tongue is provided on the cut surface of both the stock and scion to
provide rigidity to the graft union. The stock is first decapitated by a
slanting cut, a few centimeters above the ground. Buds, if any, are
removed from it.
 Then, the scion is cut away from donor plant by a slanting cut. For
producing the tongue, a downward cut is made on the cut end of the
stock, and an upward cut on the cut end of the Scion.
 The scion is then tightly fixed (spliced) to the cut end of the stock.
The graft joint is sealed with grafting wax and tied firmly.

25. Cleft grafting
 In this method, clefts or notches are made in the stock and in
them wedge shaped cut ends of scions are fixed. The joints are
sealed with grafting wax and bandaged. Scion starts growing on
the stock. In cleft grafting, the stock is large, and the scion is
small.

26. Wedge grafting
 In this method, a V-shaped notch is made on the stock into which
the wedge shaped cut end of the scion is fixed. The joint is
sealed with grafting wax and then tied firmly.

27. Thank you…