CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEMsubhashB10
In this presentation you will come to know about the CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEM. That is:
DEFINITION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEM
DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON IT.
And also you will come to know about the use of alternate land use system in different aspects in agricultural sector.
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
Role of mulching and solarization in weed managementscience book
This is presentation on topic Role of mulching and solarization in weed management. This will support you to control weed with different and new processes which are very effective in weeds control
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold .African marigold(Tagetes erecta) .CN- 2n=24 .Family-Composity/Asteraceae . Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula) .CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEMsubhashB10
In this presentation you will come to know about the CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEM. That is:
DEFINITION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEM
DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON IT.
And also you will come to know about the use of alternate land use system in different aspects in agricultural sector.
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
Role of mulching and solarization in weed managementscience book
This is presentation on topic Role of mulching and solarization in weed management. This will support you to control weed with different and new processes which are very effective in weeds control
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold .African marigold(Tagetes erecta) .CN- 2n=24 .Family-Composity/Asteraceae . Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula) .CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Plant propagation, Plant propagation methods, Types of Plant propagation, Advantages of vegetative propagation, Recommended Propagation Techniques for Fruit Crops
Asexual propagation
Types of asexual propagation
Advantages of asexual propagation
Methods of Grafting
Characteristics of good scion and good rootstock
Procedure or steps in cleft grafting
tool and materials in grafting
Consideration in preparing the scion
How to select a scion
the importance of auxin and cambium
To improve the knowledge about principle and practice of canopy management in...AmanDohre
To improve the knowledge about principle and practice of canopy management in fruit crop
Enhancing understanding of canopy management principles and practices in fruit crops is paramount for optimizing orchard productivity. This involves comprehending canopy architecture, growth patterns, and physiological processes influencing fruit production. Through targeted practices such as pruning, thinning, and training, canopy structure, light penetration, and airflow are optimized, promoting balanced vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit set. Moreover, knowledge of rootstock-scion interactions allows for tailored canopy management strategies, further enhancing fruit quality and yield. By honing canopy management expertise, growers can maximize resource utilization, mitigate disease susceptibility, and improve overall fruit crop sustainability and profitability.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. Vegetative Propagation is defined as the
production of new plants from the vegetative
parts like stem, leaf, roots of the parent plant
3. Introduction
It is the process of multiplication in which a
portion or fragment of the plant body
functions as propagate and develops into a new
individual.
Also known as Asexual propagation
There are different types of vegetative
propagations.
4. Why Use Asexual Propagation
Uniformity
Propagate non-seed producing plants
Avoid seed-borne diseases
To create insect or disease resistant plants
To incorporate environmental tolerances
To reproduce and retain the genetic traits of a hybrid
Control size and form of a plant
Can be faster and easier, cheaper.
5. Disadvantages of Asexual Propagation
Uniformity (may not be desired)
Short storage time (live cuttings)
Bulky (vs. seeds)
Systemic infections can be spread easily, as the plants are
clones (genetically identical)
6. Cutting
A cutting is separated portion of root, stem or leaf. It
is very common method employed for artificial
vegetative propagation.
Eg : Sugar cane, Roses, Citrus, Duranta, Grapes, Cocoa,
Bougainvillea.
8. Stem cutting
Single node stem cutting – if internode is greater
than 1.5 cm.
Double node stem cutting – if internode is 1.5 cm.
Multiple node stem cutting – if internode is very
small.
Soft wood cutting
Hard wood cutting
9.
10. stem-tip cuttings or terminal cuttings: the tip of the stem is cut out and used to
produce a new plant. The cutting must be about 8 cm long and must have leaves. The
cut may be made at the node or internode of the stem.
Stem-section cuttings: pieces of stem are used for planting. Each piece must
contain at least one bud.
Softwood cuttings: These are the stem cuttings, taken from soft and non-lignified
tissues of shrubs or deciduous trees. Rose, plum, lilac, etc are propagated by this
method.
Herbaceous cuttings: These are the softwood cuttings of mostly succulent plants.
Geraniun, Chrysanthemum, Coleus
Conifer cuttings: These are the hardwood cuttings from narrow-leaved conifers.
They are usually taken during early winter. Conifer cuttings produce roots very
slowly,
11. Leaf Cutting
There are four main kinds of leaf cuttings, namely
partial leaf cuttings, full leaf cuttings, leaf-vein cuttings and leaf-
bud cuttings.
1. Partial leaf cuttings and full leaf cuttings: These are the
herbaceous cuttings which involve either a piece of a leaf or an
entire leaf. Begonia, Peperomia, Sansevieria
2. Leaf-vein cuttings: In this method, cutting is made at several
points through leaf-veins. The leaf is then placed face down on the
propagation medium. Plantlets grow from the cut points which touch
the medium.
3. Leaf-bud cuttings: These are short pieces of stem, with an
attached leaf and a bud in the leaf axil. This method is useful when
the source of cutting is limited.
12. Root cutting
Root cuttings: Often, cut pieces of roots are used for growing new
plants. A number of garden shrubs and trees can be multiplied by
root cutting
13. Layering
The development of roots on a stem while
the stem is still attached to the parent plant
is called layering.
A layer is the rooted stem following
detachment (removal) from the parent plant.
Layering are of different types
14. Types of layering
Bend a low growing, flexible stem to the
ground
Cover part of it with soil, leaving the
remaining 6 to 12 inches above the soil
Bend the tip into a vertical position and
stake in place.
Wounding the lower side of the bent
branch may help in rooting.
15. Compound layering
Bend the stem to the rooting
medium as for simple layering, but
alternately cover and expose
sections of the stem.
Wound the lower side of each stem
section to be covered.
Each section should have at least
one bud exposed and one bud
covered with soil. This method
works well for plants producing
vine-like growth.
16. Trench layering
The layering in which a branch is bent to the
ground and is placed straight in a shallow
trench, and then covered with soil.
Roots and shoots sprout from all its nodes.
Each plantlet is then cut away, planted
elsewhere, and allowed to grow
independently.
17. Mound layering
Also called as stool layering
Cut the plant back to 1 inch above the soil
surface in the dormant season. Dormant buds
will produce new shoots in the spring.
Mound soil over the new shoots as they grow.
Roots will develop at the bases of the young
shoots.
Remove the layers in the dormant season.
Works well on heavy- stemmed, closely
branched shrubs and root stocks of tree fruits.
18.
19. Air layering in monocots
Make an upward 1- to 1 1/2-inch cut about one-third
through the stem. The cut is held open with a toothpick or
wooden match stick.
Surround the wound with moist, unmilled sphagnum moss
(about a handful) that has been soaked in water and
squeezed to remove excess moisture.
Wrap the moss with plastic or aluminium foil and hold in
place with twist ties or electrician’s tape.
20. Air layering in dicots
With a sharp knife, make two parallel cuts about an inch
apart around the stem and through the bark and cambium
layer.
Connect the two parallel cuts with one long cut.
Remove the ring of bark, leaving the inner woody tissue
exposed. Scrape the newly bared ring to remove the
cambial tissue to prevent a bridge of callus tissue from
forming. Apply rooting hormone. Wrap and cover using the
same procedure as that described for monocots
21. Grafting
In this,two different plants are joined together so that
they continue their growth as one plant.
In grafting, a stem cutting from a donor plant is
incorporated with a rooted recipient plant. The donor and the
recipient usually belong to related species or varieties. The
stem cutting from the donor plant is called scion or graft.
The different methods of grafting includes
a) Approach grafting
b) Cleft grafting
c) Wedge grafting
22. Approach grafting
Best methods of grafting for species which are difficult to
propagate by other methods.
In approach grafting, scion and stock are rooted in soil. Pot-
grown stocks are usually used in this method. A piece of bark is
sliced away from corresponding portions of scion and stock.
Then, their cut portions are pressed against each other, sealed
with grafting wax, and tightly tied together.
2 types
i. Splice approach grafting
ii. Tongue approach grafting
23. Splice approach grafting
In this method, both scion and stock must be of
equal thickness (10-12 mm in diameter). The pot
containing the root stock (usually seedlings) is
placed near the scion.
A thin slice of bark and wood about 6-7 cm long
is removed from the stock at a height about 25-
30 cm from the soil surface. A similar cut is
made on the scion shoot also and they are tied
firmly with jute fibre, twine, waxed tape, or
adhesive rubber tape.
Grafting wax is applied at the graft joint to
prevent the wilting of tissue. Strips of
polyethylene films are now used to protect the
graft union from sun and rain
24. Tongue approach grafting
Also called tongue grafting, whip grafting, or splice grafting. This is
the most widely used grafting method. In it, stock and scion have
almost the same diameter.
A tongue is provided on the cut surface of both the stock and scion to
provide rigidity to the graft union. The stock is first decapitated by a
slanting cut, a few centimeters above the ground. Buds, if any, are
removed from it.
Then, the scion is cut away from donor plant by a slanting cut. For
producing the tongue, a downward cut is made on the cut end of the
stock, and an upward cut on the cut end of the Scion.
The scion is then tightly fixed (spliced) to the cut end of the stock.
The graft joint is sealed with grafting wax and tied firmly.
25. Cleft grafting
In this method, clefts or notches are made in the stock and in
them wedge shaped cut ends of scions are fixed. The joints are
sealed with grafting wax and bandaged. Scion starts growing on
the stock. In cleft grafting, the stock is large, and the scion is
small.
26. Wedge grafting
In this method, a V-shaped notch is made on the stock into which
the wedge shaped cut end of the scion is fixed. The joint is
sealed with grafting wax and then tied firmly.
