1. JJA Obico, Instructor
Department of BiologyDepartment of Biology
University of the Philippines Manila

2. fEukaryotic cells store hereditary information
in the nucleus
Nucleid acids‐ DNA
Transfer of nucleic acids transfer of
h dhereditary traits

3. P l f l idPolymer of nucleotide
nucleotide
S h h t Sugar + phophate group
+ nitrogen containing
bases
Nitrogen containing
bases
PURINE‐ G and A
PYRIMIDINE‐ C and U
(RNA) or T (DNA)(RNA) or T (DNA)

4. A= T; G=C
Equal proportion of purines and pyrimidines

5. Double helix structureDouble helix structure
Anti parallel
2 chains of nucleotides held by H‐
bondbond

6. During S‐phaseg p
Semi‐conservative

7. Need primers (RNA)
Will be replaced later

8. Synthesis is
discontinuous

12. Most hereditary traits Most hereditary traits
reflect the action of
enzymesenzymes
Info for the structure of
an enzyme DNAan enzyme DNA
GENE
Specific region in the Specific region in the
DNA that codes for an
enzymeenzyme

13. DNA sequence in the gene
is transcribed into an RNA
sequence
RNA polymerase
promoter

15. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcripts of gene used to direct a.a. assembly
into proteins
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Combine with proteins to make up the ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transport a.a. to ribosomes

16. f fDNA encodes for sequence of a.a. in proteins
DNA mRNA transcripts
b d fRibosomes read sequence in increments of 3
nucleotides CODON
GATTACA A A (DNA)
CUAAUGU U U (mRNA)
CUA‐AUG‐UUU

17. mRNA transcript is translated into a.a.mRNA transcript is translated into a.a.
mRNA binds with rRNA in ribosomes
One codon is exposed at a timeOne codon is exposed at a time

18. Carries a
particular a.a.
dAnticodon

22. When nonsense codon is exposed

25. f fchanging the genetics of plants for the
benefit of humankind
l l l b dClassical plant breeding
Modern plant breeding
Genes can be transferred between species
through genetic engineering
TRANSGENIC ORGANISM
▪ Contains gene from a different organism
B (B B ill h i i i )▪ Bt corn (Bt‐ Bacillus thuringiensis)

29. Restriction
enzymes are
used to make
bi recombinant
DNA

31. Bacterial insertion
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Sample DNA, DNA p0lymerase, 4 nucleotides,
primers

32. fReturn to bacteria and allow to infect plant
cells
Gene guns
Electroporation
Microinjection
Liposomoes

34. Totipotency
Has the potential to express any of the genes and
produce an entire plant
Encourage plant cells to express their
i i di i i totipotency in an medium containing
nutrients and hormones