Botany Lecture Ch8bmodified

Diversity And Classification of
Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Rosids
Michael G. Simpson

ROSIDS
• Very large, monophyletic group of Eudicots
• Linked by no clear non-molecular
apomorphies
• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) &
crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids]
• 13 orders

Myrtaceae - Myrtle family
(myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species
The Myrtaceae are distinctive in being trees and
shrubs with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves
and usually epiperigynous flowers with numerous
stamens.
K 4-5 [3,6] C 4-5 [3,6] A ∞ G (2-5) [(-16)],
inferior [rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with
hypanthium.

Myrtaceae - Myrtle family
(myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species
Economic importance includes important timber
trees, especially Eucalyptus spp.,
edible fruits (e.g., Psidium guajava, guava), spices
(e.g., Syzygium aromaticum,
cloves, Pimenta dioica, allspice),
oils (e.g., Eucalyptus spp.),
and cultivated ornamentals such as Callistemon
(bottlebrush), Chamelaucium (wax-flower),
Eucalyptus spp., Leptospermum (tea tree), and
Myrtus (myrtle).

Tristania conferta Brisbane Box

Cucurbitaceae
Cucumber / Gourd family
(L. for gourd). 120 genera / 775 species.
The Cucurbitaceae have largely worldwide distributions, but
occur mostly in tropical regions. Economic importance
includes important food crops such as Citrullus lanatus
(watermelon), Cucumis melo (melons), Cucumis sativa
(cucumber), Cucurbita pepo and other spp. (squashes,
pumpkins) and a number of other taxa; the dried fruits of a
number of species are used as gourds, those of Luffa (luffa)
are used as a sponge; some taxa have medicinal or
horticultural uses.

Cucurbitaceae
Cucumber / Gourd family
(L. for gourd). 120 genera / 775 species.
The Cucurbitaceae are distinctive in being mostly
monoecious or dioecious vines with simple, palmately
veined &/or lobed leaves, usually with tendrils, the female
flowers epiperigynous, with usually parietal placentation
and three carpels, the fruit a berry, pepo, capsule, or
samara.
K 5 [3-6] C 5 [3-6] or (5) [(3-6)] A 3-5 or (3-5) G (3)
[(2-5)], inferior, hypanthium present.

FABALES
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
- Bean/Pea family
(after faba, Latin name for broad bean). 643 genera / 18,000 species
The Fabaceae are distinctive in being trees, shrubs,
vines, or herbs, with stipulate, often compound
leaves and typically pentamerous flowers usually
with a single, unicarpellous pistil with marginal
placentation, the fruit a legume (or modified
legume).
K 5 or (5) [(3-6)] C 5 or (5) [0,1-6, or (1-6)] A
10 or (10) to ∞ [variable] G 1 [2-16], superior,
hypanthium sometimes present

Members of the Fabaceae are dominant species in some
ecosystems (e.g., Acacia spp. in parts of Africa and Australia)
and ecologically important for containing nitrogen-fixing
rhizobial nodules.
Economically, legumes are one of the important
plant groups, being the source of numerous pulses (such
as Arachis hypogaea; peanut; Glycine max, soybeans; Lens
culinaris, lentil; Phaseolus spp., beans; Pisum sativum, peas);
flavoring plants (such as Ceratonia siliqua, carob), fodder
and soil rotation plants (such as Medicago sativa, alfalfa, or
Trifolium spp., clovers) oils, timber trees, gums, dyes, and
insecticides.

Fabaceae: 3 subfamilies
Caesalpinioideae
Flowers zygomorphic; petals distinct; posterior
petal inner to laterals; stamens distinct.
Mimosoideae
Flowers actinomorphic; petals distinct or
connate; stamens often , showy∞ ; flowers often
densely aggregated.
Faboideae (=Papilionoideae)
Flowers zygomorphic; perianth papilionaceous;
posterior petal outer to laterals; stamens connate.

Caesalpinioideae
Flowers zygomorphic
Petals distinct
Posterior petal inner to laterals
Stamens distinct

Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree
posterior petal
inner to laterals

stamens
distinct

ovary
style
stipe

Cassia didymobotrya
ovary
posterior petal
inner to laterals
stamens
(trimorphic
in this species)

posterior petal
inner to laterals
Caesalpinia spinosa [C. pectinata]

Caesalpinioideae in San Diego Co.

Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo

Flowers actinomorphic, often densely aggregated
Petals distinct or connate; hypanthium sometimes
present
Stamens often , showy∞
Mimosoideae

Acacia spp.: phyllodinous
phyllode
rachillae
with leaflets
phyllode

Acacia longifolia (native to Australia)
spike
ovary
(removed)
flowers actinomorphic,
stamens ∞

Pithecellobium unquis-cati Cat Claw

Flowers zygomorphic
Perianth papilionaceous
Terminology:
Posterior petal = banner or standard
Lateral petals = wings
Anterior petals = keel petals (basally distinct;
distally connate; collectively called the keel)
Posterior petal (banner) outer to laterals (wings)
Stamens connate: monadelphous or diadelphous
Faboideae (Papilionoideae)

Wisteria sinensis Wisteria
banner
outer to laterals
wing petals
keel

keel petal
stamens connate:
diadelphous (9+1)
in Wisteria

style
(ovary hidden)

Erythrina caffra
banner
wing petals
stamens
calyx

Erythrina caffra
stamens connate:
diadelphous (9+1)
style
pistil removedstipe
ovary
style

Erythrina caffra
pistil
unicarpellous
placentation
marginal
(l.s.)
(c.s.)

Strophostyles umbellata
Flower asymmetric
bannerkeel twisted

Clitoria mariana
-a resupinate papilionoid

Astragalus trichopodus var. lonchus
Ocean Locoweed

Lathyrus vestitus var. alefeldii San Diego Sweet Pea

Lotus purshianus Spanish-Clover

Lotus scoparius var. scoparius Coast Deer Weed

Lupinus arizonicus Lupinus excubitus

Lupinus bicolor Minature Lupine

Lupinus concinnus Bajada Lupine

Lupinus succulentus Collar Lupine

Medicago polymorpha California Burclover

Melilotus alba White Sweetclover

Melilotus indica Indian Sweetclover

Trifolium wildenowii Valley Clover

Vicia ludoviciana var. l. Deer Pea Vetch

Psorothamnus emoryi White Dalea

Psorothamnus schottii Indigo Bush

Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family
(after Euphorbus, physician to the king of Mauritania, 1st century).
313 genera / 8,100 species
The Euphorbiaceae are distinctive in having unisexual flowers
with a superior, usually 3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per
carpel, apical-axile in placentation; Crotonoideae and
Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or usually white (“milky”)
latex and the Euphorbioideae alone have a characteristic
cyathium inflorescence.
K 5 [0] C 5 [0] A 1-∞ G (3) [(2–∞)], superior.

Three subfamilies:
Acalyphoideae
Crotonoideae
-colored latex
Euphorbioideae
- milky (white) latex
- inflorescence a cyathium

cyathium
An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual
flowers and subtended by an involucre
(frequently with petaloid glands), the entire
inflorescence resembling a single flower.

Economic importance includes
Ricinus communis, the source of castor bean oil and the deadly
poison ricin;
Hevea brasiliensis, the major source of natural rubber;
Manihot esculentus, cassava/manioc, a very important food crop
and the source of tapioca;
and various oil, timber, medicinal, dye, and ornamental plants.
Succulent Euphorbia species are major components of plant
communities

Euphorbia shoenlandii Euphorbia obesa

Moraceae — Mulberry family
(Latin name for mulberry). ca. 40 genera / 1100 species
The Moraceae are distinctive in being monoecious
or dioecious trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs with a
milky latex, stipulate, simple leaves, and
unisexual flowers, the female with a usually 2-
carpellate (2 styled) pistil and a single, apical to
subapical ovule, the fruit a multiple of achenes,
in some taxa with an enlarged compound
receptacle or syconium.
P (0-10) A 1-6 G (2) [(3)], superior or inferior.

Economic importance includes fruit trees, such as Artocarpus
altilis (breadfruit),
Ficus carica (edible fig), and
Morus spp. (mulberry);
paper, rubber, and timber trees; and some cultivated
ornamentals, especially Ficus spp., figs;
the leaves of Morus alba are the food source of silkworm
moth larvae.

Rosaceae - Rose family
(Latin for various roses). 95 genera / 2,800 species
The Rosaceae are distinctive in having usually
stipulate leaves (often adnate to petiole) and an
actinomorphic, generally pentamerous flower
with hypathium present, variable in gynoecial
fusion, ovary position, and fruit type.
K 5[3-10] C 5[0,3-10] A 20-∞[1,5] G 1-∞,
superior or inferior, hypanthium present.

The Rosaceae is traditionally classified into four subfamilies (some
of which are likely paraphyletic):
Spiraeoideae, with an apocarpous gynoecium forming a follicetum;
Rosoideae, with an apocarpous gynoecium forming an achenecetum
or drupecetum, the receptacle varying from expanded and fleshy
(e.g., Fragaria) to sunken (e.g., the hips of Rosa);
Prunoideae, with a single, superior ovaried pistil bearing one ovule,
the fruit a drupe; and
Maloideae, with an inferior ovary, forming a pome.

The Rose Family
The rose is a rose,
And was always a rose.
But the theory now goes
That the apple's a rose,
And the pear is, and so's
The plum, I suppose.
The dear only knows
What will next prove a rose.
You, of course, are a rose--
But were always a rose.
Robert Forst (1874-1963)

Rosaceae
The family is very economically important as the
source of many cultivated fruits, including
Fragaria (strawberry), Malus (apples), Prunus
(almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum), Pyrus
(pear), and Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), as well
as essential oils (e.g., Rosa), and numerous
ornamental cultivars, such as Cotoneaster,
Photinia, Prunus (cherries), Pyracantha, Rosa
(roses), and Spiraea.

Malus pumila Apple
hypanthium inferior
ovary

Prunus spp. Cherries, Peaches, Plums

Brassicales
Glucosinolates - major plant secondary products in
the Brassicaceae and close relatives.
- deter herbivory and parasitism
- flavoring agents in the commercially important
members of the Brassicaceae, such brocolli,
cauliflower, and mustard.

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) — Mustard family
(name used by Pliny for cabbagelike plants).
365 genera / 3250 species.
The Brassicaceae as treated here are distinctive in being
herbs, rarely shrubs, with glucosinolates (mustard oil
glucosides), the perianth cruciate (petals usually clawed),
the androecium with usually 2+4, tetradynamous stamens,
the gynoecium with a superior, 2- carpellate/loculate
ovary, with axile-parietal placentation and a usually 2-
valved, dehiscent fruit with a replum (silique or silicle).
K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 [2,4-16] G (2), superior.

Economic importance includes numerous vegetable plants (notably the
crucifers or mustard plants), including broccoli, brussels sprouts,
cauliflower, cabbage, collards, kale (all cultivars of Brassica
oleracea), rutabaga and canola oil (B. napus), mustard (B. nigra),
turnip (B. rapa), and many more, plus numerous cultivated
ornamentals, dye plants (Isatis tinctoria, woad), and some noxious
weeds; Arabidopsis thalliana is noted as a model for detailed
molecular studies.

BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family
Armoracia rusticana HORSERADISH
(L. armoracia, "horseradish" + pertaining to the country)
Part used: ROOT (more as a flavoring than a vegetable)

Brassica campestris [=B. rapa] ("of the fields") TURNIP
Part used: ROOT (+ Hypocotyl)
[2000 BC (India); held in low esteme; turnip from English name "to
turn," appear to be turned on a lathe; First Jack O'Lantern (Irish) for All
Saints' of All Hallow's Day; Americans first used pumpkins.]
top of root somewhat flat

Brassica napus RUTABAGA [RAPE, SWEDISH TURNIP]
(with little turnip-like root)

Brassica napus RUTABAGA [RAPE, SWEDISH TURNIP
Part used: ROOT (+Hypocotyl)
Pointed at upper end (but often cut off)
Cultivars selected for rape or canola oil
[Hybridization/polyploidy (2n=38) bet. cabbage (2n=18) & turnip (2n=20)]
top of root more pointed seeds source of Canola oil

Brassica oleracea ("resembling garden cooking herbs"):
cultivated by Greeks by 650 BC; active artificial selection, many
varieties that look very different today!

Brassica oleracea v. acephala (“no head”) KALE, COLLARD
Part used: LEAVES (or entire shoot)

Brassica oleracea v. botrytis BROCCOLI
[= B. o. v. italica] ("cluster of grapes")
Part used: FLOWERING SHOOT (flowers
fertile, can turn into inflorescence)
[Bred in Europe, mid-17th century]

Brassica oleracea v. cauliflora CAULIFLOWER
(B. o. v. botrytis) (Gr. kaulos, "stem" + flora, flower)
Part used: FLOWERING SHOOT (Flowers abortive or immature)
[Bred by Arabians in 12th century; leaves gathered and tied around
flowers to prevent exposure to sun and therefore green color.]

Brassica oleracea v. capitata (“head”) CABBAGE
Part used: LEAVES (and stem of shoot)
[Bred in Germany 1160 AD; both red & white (green) vars. grown.
Sauerkraut =shredded leaves & salt in earthenware crock to preserve]

Brassica oleracea v. gemmifera BRUSSELS SPROUTS
("jewels, buds" + "bearing")
Part used: Bud-like SHOOT arising from aerial stem

Raphanus sativus RADISH
("Greek raphanos for "quick-appearing" + "cultivated")
Part used: ROOT
In orient, long white or black-skinned forms = “DAIKONS”
[Found in Egyptian tombs, 4000 years BP]

Raphanus sativus RADISH
Long white or black-skinned forms = DAIKONS
Daikons

Capparaceae
Locule 1, parietal placentation
Isomeris arborea

Cleomaceae
Locule 1, parietal placentation
Cleome bassleriana

Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family
(name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species
• The Malvaceae s. l. are distinctive in being herbs,
shrubs, or trees, often with stellate trichomes, typically
with an epicalyx, the calyx valvate, the corolla often
convolute [sometimes valvate or imbricate] the stamens
connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles, with monothecal or
bithecal anthers, gynoecium syncarpous [rarely
apocarpous], ovary superior [rarely inferior], ovules axile
or marginal, the fruit a capsule, schizocarp of mericarps,
berry, or samara.
• K 3-5 or (3-5) C 5 [3- or 0] A 5-∞ G 2-∞ [1],
superior [rarely inferior].

A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l.
formerly 4 families:
Malvaceae, s.s.
Bombacaceae
Sterculiaceae
Tiliaceae

Economic importance includes medicinal plants;
several fiber plants, especially Gossypium spp. (cotton, the world’s
most important fiber plant) and Ceiba pentandra (kapok), in both of
which the seed trichomes are utilized, and Corchorus spp. (jute), a
bast fiber plant and source of burlap;
food and flavoring plants, such as Theobroma cacao (cacao, the
source of chocolate), Cola nitida (cola), Abelmoschus (okra), and
Durio zibethinus (durian);
wood, such as Ochroma pyramidale (balsa) and Pachira aquatica;
numerous ornamental cultivars, such as Brachychiton, Chorisia (floss-
silk tree), Dombeya, Fremontodendron, Hibiscus (mallows), and
Tilia (linden tree). Many others, such as Adansonia digitata
(baobab, tropical Africa) are of great local economic or ecological
importance.

COTTON Gossypium spp. Malvaceae
Morphology - tropical/subtrop., perennial shrub
(often grown as an annual) w/ simple, cordate
leaves.
Fruit is a capsule, which splits open at maturity,
bearing seeds. [Boll = mass of trichome covered
seeds.]
Seeds covered with very long trichomes (plant hair),
each a single cell (1,000 - 6,000 x longer than
wide), w/ thick primary cell wall, narrow lumen.
Trichome (known as a "surface fiber") is 90%
cellulose, naturally twisted, ideal for spinning.

Old World diploids (2n=26)
Gossypium arboreum
G. herbaceum
G. hirsutum
G. barbadense
}
New World tetraploids (4n=52)
}
Gossypium hirsutum (Upland Cotton)
- 95% of world’s crop
Taxonomy - both Old World and New World spp.

Apomorphies of Malvaceae
Inflorescence with “bicolor unit” (after
Theobroma bicolor), consisting of a
modified, 3-bracted cyme, the trimerous
epicalyx of family memberspossibly
derived from these 3 bracts.
Other apomorphies:
valvate calyx
stellate or lepidote trichomes,
dilated secondary tissue rays

Hibiscus sp. Kosteletskia virginica

Theobroma cacao
Cacao, source of
chocolate

Anacardiaceae
Cashew family
(Gr. for heart-shaped, after swollen, red pedicel in cashew
fruit).
70 genera / 875 species.
The Anacardiaceae have a broad distribution in tropical to
temperate regions. Economic importance includes ornamental
cultivars (e.g., Schinus spp.), fruit and seed trees, such as Pistacia
vera (pistachio), Rhus spp. (sumacs), Anacardium occidentale
(cashew), and Mangifera indica (mango), plus several dye, timber,
and lacquer trees. Toxicodendron spp. (poison-oak, poison-ivy)
and related taxa cause contact-dermatitis, and fruits/seeds can be
allergenic in sensitive individuals. See Pell & Urbatsch (2001) for
a recent analysis of the family.

Anacardiaceae
Cashew family
The Anacardiaceae are distinctive in being trees,
shrubs, lianas, or perennial herbs with resin ducts
or laticifers (some species causing allergenic
responses), flowers generally 5-merous, with a
nectariferous disk and single ovule per carpel,
the fruit a drupe with a resinous mesocarp.
K usu. 5 or (5) C usu. 5 [0] A 5-10 [1, ∞]
G (1-3,5) [(12)], superior, rarely inferior.

Botany Lecture Ch8bmodified

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Botany Lecture Ch8bmodified