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Understanding the Araceae Family: Characteristics, Distribution, and Uses .pptx

The document discusses the Araceae family, detailing its systematic position, major genera such as Anthurium and Philodendron, and distribution mainly in tropical regions. It covers identifying characteristics, economic importance for food and medicinal uses, and highlights some common ornamental plants. The text also explains the family's phylogenetic classification and various botanical terms relevant to the study of these plants.

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ARACEAE BY ANEESA THASNEEM MP
1 MAJOR GENERA AND COMMON PLANTS 2 DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION 3 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 4 REFERENCE 5 contents Systematic position
Systematic position •Bentham and hooker: class: Monocotyledons series : Nudiflorae •APG IV : Division : Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order : Alismatales
•anthurium,philodendron,Arisaema,amorphophallus,po thos, dieffenbachia,syngonium Major genera
•Probably originated in tropical Asia, Now nearly worldwide, primarily tropical regions. •It is commonly called Arum family, contain 115 genera and 2000 species. • About 25 genera and over 140 species have been reported from India. The members tend to be aquatic but some are epiphytic. Distribution:
Key Identifying Characters of the Family 01 02 03 04 Stem modified into corm The inflorescence is spadix, covered by bract known as spathe Fruit is berry Flowers are small or minute
Habit: Terrestrial or aquatic(Pistia) marshy (Acorus), epiphytic (Anthurium), shrubs, vines or herbs, sometimes climber(Pothos) Root: Often mycorrhizal, without root hairs. two types of aerial roots is found- hanging and clinging roots. In the aerial roots, the velamen are also present. Stem: •often tuberous (Arum), corms (Colocasia) rhizome (Acorus), aerial (Pothos), or reduced •Frequently scandent, rarely erect, hardened not differentiated into stem or leaf Description
Leaf: Generally large, measuring 3 meters (Amorphophallus companulatus), simple, alternate, bifacial, spiral, or distichous, petiolate or sessile (Pistia), usually parallel(Acorus), penni- parallel, but rarely reticulate (Arisaema) entire or lobed. B. Floral characters: Inflorescence: • Many-flowered spadix (with a sterile apical portion in some), usually subtended by a prominent, often colored spathe , it may be more than 1 m long (Amorphophallus riviera), or reduced • The flowers of both sexes are in distinct zones separated by zone of sterile hair
Flower: Small, sessile, actinomorphic, di- or trimerous, unisexual rarely bisexual (Acorus, Pothos, Monstera), female flowers often proximal, and the male distal on a spadix, hypogynous or epigynous, ebracteate, often bad-smelling. Perianth: Absent (Calla, Colocasia) in unisexual flowers and present in bisexual flowers, 1 (Acorus) or 4 (Anthurium) to 6 (Acorus), perianth lobes small, scale- like, free or rarely connate. hypanthium absent
General view of inflorescence and early stages of development of Arum italicum (A) Early stage of development of the inflorescence showing the appendix (smooth upper portion) and the floral zone (lower portion with floral primordia). (B) General view of the floral portion of the inflorescence showing the different types of flowers: B, bristle; M, male flower; F, female flower; . (C) Early stage of initiation of female flowers. (D) Development of the ovary wall (O) of female flowers. Arrows point to atypical flowers. . (E) Closeup of two atypical flowers (arrows).
Androecium: Stamens many or reduced to 4-10, even 1 (Arisaema) in two or one whorls; situated opposite to perianth lobes; free or united into a synandrium (Colocasia, Alocasia) dithecous, introrse, female flowers bear staminodes. anthers are poricidal, longitudinal, or transverse in dehiscence Gynoecium: - Syncarpous, with a superior ovary, 3 carpels, usually as many locules as carpels, ovules one or more in each cell; placentation may be axile (Pothos) or parietal (Arum) or basal (Typhonium); style short, stigma one or more; ovules are usually anatropous and bitegmic .
Fruit: A berry, the cluster densely grouped on the fruiting spadix, looking like a multiple-fruit, less often dry. Seed: Oily (sometimes also starchy) endospermous (rarely endosperm absent) with a sometimes fleshy seed coat. Some have cyanogenic compounds or alkaloids. Raphides are present and laticifers are common. Pollination: Entomophilous due to coloured–spathe, rarely self- pollinated (species of Arisaema).
• small, upright herbaceous Adventitious roots may occur in some plants. • Its foliage is heart-shaped, glossy with a smooth leaf margin. The dark green leaves • flowers are axillary, produced on a spadix inflorescence. The inflorescence comprises a cream-yellow tail-like spadix and bright red spathe that is wide, flat, and waxy. • Yellow / Golden ;Simple ;Fleshy Fruit ANTHURIUM ANDRAEANUM
Common plants Caladium bicolor – Leaves variegated, multicoloured, ornamental garden plant Pistia stratiotes L. (Water Cabbage) is a floating stoloniferous herb bearing rosettes of sessile obcordate cuneate leaves. Amorphophallus campanulatus is a terrestrial herb with roundish, watery thick corms. Acorus calamus L. (Sweet flag) is an erect aromatic marshy herb
Pothos aureus L (Money plant) a climbing herb without latex. The leaves may be variegated, or cultivated. Arisaema tortuosum (Snake plant) seen in Darjeeling and Shillong, is characterized by a greenish-purple spathe which expands over the spadix like the hood of a snake Monstera deliciosa an ornamental herb or shrub with leaves perforated
The Araceae is divided into eight sub-families: Sub-family I. Arodeae: Latex sacs straight, flowers with or without perianth. Stamens free or in synandria. Examples: Arum, Typhonium, etc. Sub-family II. Calloideae: Leaves fever sagittate, Latex sacs present, Flowers bisexual, naked. Example: Calla. Division of the family and chief genera: Typhonium
•Sub-family III. Colocasioideae: Leaves always net-veined. Latex sacs branched Flowers unisexual, naked, Stamens in synandria. Examples: Alocasia, Colocasia etc. •Sub-family IV. Lasioideae: •Leaves sagittate, Latex sacs present. Flowers bisexual or unisexual. •Examples: Amorphophallus, Lasia, etc. •Sub-family V. Monsteroideae: •Latex sacs absent, but spicular cells present. Flowers bisexual, naked. •Examples: Monestera, Scindapsus etc. Lasia
•Sub-family VI. Philodendroideae: Leaves always parallel-veined. Flowers bisexual or unisexual. •Examples: Philodendron, Richardia etc. •Sub-family VII. Pistioideae: •Aquatic herbs. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers extremely reduced. •Example: Pistia. •Sub-family VIII. Pothoideae: •Latex sacs and spicular cells absent, flowers bisexual. •Examples: Acorus, Pothos, etc.
Economic importance
• Food: • The plants cultivated for vegetables are Colocasia esculenta; Alocasia indica, Amorphophallus campanulatus (elephant foot). • Leaves of Lasia spinosa are eaten as food. • The large fruits of Monstera are eaten in many tropical regions. • From the tubers of Colocasia esculenta, starchy baby foods, and alcohol are also prepared. 2. Medicinal: • The rhizomes of the Acorus calamus are used in diarrhea and dyspepsia. • The stem juice of Alocasia macrorrhiza is used to relieve pain in scorpion bites. • The corms of Amorphophallus campanulatus are used in treating piles and dysentery.
3. Poison: Arisaema spp. are poisonous. 4. Ornamentals: • The plants of this family are commonly grown in gardens and green houses for their variegated and handsome leaves. • The plants are Pothos aureus (Money plant), Monstera deliciosa, Alocasia indica var. metallica, Caladium picturatum, C. bicolor, Colocasia esculenta, Scindapsus officinalis, Anthurium and Pistia spp. in aquaria.
• The family is considered to be monophyletic • Hutchinson believed it had been derived from the tribe Aspidistreae of Liliaceae. • Bisexual flowers are considered more primitive and unisexual flowers highly evolved. • Most recent classification places this family under the order Arales along with Lemnaceae, Acoraceae having been removed to a separate order Acorales. • APG IV and APweb place Acoraceae under separate order,but include Araceae along with several others under order Alismatales, Lemnaceae being merged with Araceae • The family is considered to be a early divergent lineage within monocots and sister to the remaining families of Alismatales phylogeny
1. Epiphytic : a plant that grows on another plant but does not feed from it 2. Velamen : an outer layer of dead cells in the aerial roots of . ,. epiphytic orchids and aroids. 3. Corms :underground stem that acts as a food-storage structure 4. Scandent : having a climbing habit. 5. Bifacial : having upper and lower surfaces that differ from each other 6. Distichous : arranged in two vertical rows on opposite sides of an axis, such as leaves 7. Petiolate :the stalk that attaches a leaf blade to a stem 8. Sessile : no stalk. 9. Penni-parallel :has a central midvein with secondary veins that are essentially parallel to one another 10.Reticulate :veins form a network 11.Actinomorphic : A flower that can be divided into two equal halves from any plane passing through the center 12.di- or trimerous: three or it's multiple in all floral appendages 13.Hypogynous : gynoecium located above the other parts of the flower 14.Epigynous : gynoecium is located below the other parts of the flower. 15.Ebracteate : without bracts. GLOSSARY:
• Connate :fused • Hypanthium : a cup-like structure connecting the petals, sepals, and stamens • Synandrium : stamens are united • Dithecous : Having two thecae.A theca refers to the case of a sporangium • Introrse : Facing inward • Staminodes : Sterile stamens • Poricidal : pollen is released through pores. • Syncarpous : carpels united • Placentation :arrangement of a placenta • Bitegmic : Having two integuments • Raphides :crystals of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate • Synandria : stamens are united by their anthers • Sagittate :shaped like an arrowhead • Variegated : appearance of differently colored zones in the leaves • Stoloniferous : producing stolons (horizontal stems that grow along the ground and produce new plants at their tips or nodes • Rosettes : clusters of leaves growing in a circular pattern • Obcordate : heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end • Cuneate : wedge-shaped • Leaves perforated :leaves that have holes or openings in them • Spicular cells :Cells that are elongated and pointed, resembling a spike.
references: • https://wwhttps/www.biologydiscussion.com/botany/monocotyledons/araceae-characters- distribution-and-types/48340 • https://balconygardenweb.com/ • https://indiabiodiversity.org/ • Plant systematics by Michael G.Simpson
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