This document provides information on the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). It discusses the three main subfamilies: Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Mimosaceae. For each subfamily, it describes key diagnostic features including plant structure, leaves, flowers, fruits, and economic importance. It also lists many examples of plant genera and species within the family and their uses.
Solanaceae family is also known as the potato family.
Around 2000 species of dicotyledonous plants belong to this family.
Solanaceae is a family of angiosperms.
It is widely distributed all over the world in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.
It includes a number of spices, medicinal plants, agricultural crops, etc.
Vegetables like potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant are included in the Solanaceae family.
Many plants are of medicinal importance. The main medicinal plants are Atropa belladonna, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Datura, etc.
Some alkaloids are toxic too. Some of the important alkaloids are tropanes, nicotine, capsaicin, solanine, hyoscyamine, etc.
Many ornamental plants also belong to this family. E.g. Petunia, Lycianthes, Cestrum, etc.
These are important sources of spices. E.g. chilly
The leaves of Nicotiana tabacum are a major source of tobacco. Tobacco is a commercially very important plant.
Solanaceae family is also known as the potato family.
Around 2000 species of dicotyledonous plants belong to this family.
Solanaceae is a family of angiosperms.
It is widely distributed all over the world in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.
It includes a number of spices, medicinal plants, agricultural crops, etc.
Vegetables like potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant are included in the Solanaceae family.
Many plants are of medicinal importance. The main medicinal plants are Atropa belladonna, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Datura, etc.
Some alkaloids are toxic too. Some of the important alkaloids are tropanes, nicotine, capsaicin, solanine, hyoscyamine, etc.
Many ornamental plants also belong to this family. E.g. Petunia, Lycianthes, Cestrum, etc.
These are important sources of spices. E.g. chilly
The leaves of Nicotiana tabacum are a major source of tobacco. Tobacco is a commercially very important plant.
Characters of Apiaceae:
Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily.
A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
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Characters of Apiaceae:
Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily.
A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
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2. Systematic position
Class : Dicotyledons
Subclass: Polypetalae
Series: Calyciflorae
Order: Rosales
Third largest family among angiosperms.
590-690 genera ; 12,000- 17,000 species
Bentham & Hooker – Order – Leguminosae
suborder – Papiloinoideae
- Caesalpiniodieae
- Mimosoideae
These are considered presently as subfamilies – Papilionaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Mimoseae
These are further having tribes as next categorization.
3. Diagnostic features of the family Fabaceae:
•Cosmopolitan in distribution
• habitat varies from xerophytes, mesophytes & hydrophytes
• Include plants with root nodules (Symbiotic association with nitrogen
fixing bacteria) , & so these plants are rich in nitrogen content.
• Agriculturally, important – used as nitrogen fertilizers
• Economically useful as many used as pulses, vegetables, oil seeds, dye
sources, timber etc.
• Plant characters many common in three subfamilies
• Leaves alternate, pulvinate, stipulate/ exstipulate, simple/ compound
(pulvinus – swelling at the leaf base of rachis)
•Racemose inflorescence
• Flowers bisexual, pentamerous & perigynous
• Androecium diplostemonous, or with
adelphy various types
• monocarpellary unilocular gynoecium
with marginal placentation
•Fruit legume/ lomentum
7. Roots:- Tap root system with root nodules having rhizobium ( symbiotic)
Leaves: simple/ compound imparipinnate, alternate, stipulate,
pulvinate, petiolate.
Simple leaf – crotalaria juncea
Compound leaf – C. pallida
Simple trifoliate –
Trifolium repense
Bifoliate – Zornia gibbosa
Leaf variously modified as
tendrils
Lathyrus entire leaf lamina-
Tendril
In Pisum – terminal leaflets
-Tendril
Stipules- foilaceous – Lathyrus & Pisum
Leaves kodified to spines – Ulex europeaus ( seedling leaf trifoliate)
Desmodium leaf show turgor movements
8.
9. Inflorescence :- Racemose axillary/ terminal
Dalbergia – panicle
Flower:- Bisexual, strongly zygomorphic, perigynous
pentamerous, cyclic, bracteate, bracteoloate with
papilionaceous corolla.
Calyx:- Sepals 5, gamosepalous, irregular with
valvate aestivation. Odd sepal anterior in position.
Bilabiate in Aeschynomene aspera
Corolla:- Petals 5, polypetalous, irregular with
Descendingly imbricate aestivation, and
Papilionacoeus corolla. Odd petal posterior ,large
Single (standard/ vexillum), 2 median petals
(wing/ alae), 2 anterior pair petals (keel/ carina).
Keel petals united (boat shaped)and enclose
the essential organs
10. Androecium:- stamens 10, monadelphous/ diadelphous. The filaments
are free at apex and bear anthers.In diadelphous, the free stamen is
posterior in position.
In abrus, posterior stamen is absent.
In aeschynomene, 2 bundles of 5 stamens each.
Anthers bithecous, dorsifixed
Sophora – all 10 stamens are free
Gynoecium:- short stalked, Monocarpellary,
half inferior half superior, unilocular with marginal
placentation. Style terminal & capitate stigma.
ovules reduced to (2-4 Arachis)
Fruit:- legume
Lomentum – Desmodium12
Geocarpic pod- arachis
Seed:- few – many, single seeded in Dalbergia
& Pterocarpus. Seeds known as pulses,
cotyledons fleshy, edible Rich in proteins,
nonendospermous
14. • Myroxylon balsamum (Tolu balsam) sap exudate medicine. , cough,
bronchitis, swollen airways, and cancer. applied directly to the skin to
treat bedsores, cracked nipples, cracked lips, and minor skin cuts.
• Glycirrhiza glabra (Liquorice)- medicinal an extract of the root as a
sweetening & flavoring agent,herbal remedy for gastritis and upper
respiratory tract infections , cough syrups with licorice extract.
15. •Dalbergia latifolia ( Rose wood) – Timber, furniture making
•Mucuna pruriens (Cowhage)– medicinal (herbal drug used for the
management of male infertility, nervous disorders, and also as an
aphrodisiac.)
• Pterocarpus marsupium (Indian Kino)– Timber, leaves for fracture,
gastric disorders
16. • P. santalinus (red sandal wood)– Medicinal, used in cosmetic industry
•Desmodium gyrans (indian telegraph plant)
• Clitoria ternatea – dye from flowers
• Crotalaria juncea (sun hemp) – cortical fibres fro rope, floor mats
• Butea monosperma (Flame of the forest) – timber, yellow dye from
flowers, host for lac insect, leaves fodder for elephants.
• Aeschynomene aspera – light wood, usd for making toys
• Erythrina variegata (indian coral plant) – ornamental
21. Leaves: large, pinnately/ bipinnnately compund, pulvinate, stipulate,
alternate
Bilobed leaf – Bauhinia
Stipules – spiny (parkinsonia), Leafy (Delonix), auriculate( Cassia
auriculata)
Parkinsonia – main rachis modified to spine, sec. rachis form phyllodes
22. Inflorescence:- Axillary/ terminal, corymb.
Corymbose panicle- Saraca
Flower: - coloured, bisexual, medianly
zygomorphic, dichlamydeous, cyclic,
pentamerous, peigynous,bracteate, bracteolate.
Zygomorphy due to size reduction of posterior
odd petal.
Calyx:- Sepals 5, polysepalous mostly,
sometimes gamosepalous, with imbricate
aestivation.
Sepals 4 – Tamarindus (2 posterior sepals fused,
so only 4 sepals)
Sepals – tube like, coloured as corolla absent
(Saraca)
Sepals petalloid & spathulate (Caesalpinia)
Valvate aestivation – Delonix
23.
24. Corolla:- Petals 4 -5, Polypetalous, with ascendingly
imbricate aestivation., clawed petals
Saraca, Hardwickia - petals absent (apetalous)
Tamarindus – anterior laterals absent (3 petals seen)
Androecium:- 10 stamens, free, 2 whorls 5 +5
(diplostemonous), long coloured filaments, anthers
basifixed & bithecous
Fused & diadelphous (Amherstia)
Fused & monadelphous (Tamarindus)
Number of stamens show suppression- Cassia tora
out of 10 stamens, 4 posterior ones staminodes,
remaining 6 – here 2 long, 2 median, 2 small stamens
Tamarindus- stamens 7-8, only 3 fertile.
25. Gynoecium:- Monocarpellary, unilocular, half inferior half superior ovary
with one or more ovules on marginal placentation, ovary with stalk at
base (gynophore), style terminal and stigma capitate.
Fruit:- Legume. Tamarindus- Pod
Samara - Pterlobium
Seed:- exalbuminous
26. Diagnostic Features:
Shrubs or trees
Leaves pinnately or bipinnately compound , Pulvinate, stipulate
Inflorescence Corymb
Flower Bisexual, medianly zygomorphis, Perigynous, cyclic,
pentamerous, bracreate, bracteolate & complete
Calyx 5, polysepalous with imbricate aestivation
Corolla 5, polypetalous, clawed with asendingly imbricate aestivation
Androecium 10, free with long coloured filaments, bithecous & basifixed
anthers
Gynoecium monocarpellary, superior, unilocular with ovules on marginal
placentation
Style terminal & stigma capitate
Fruit is a legume
Seed nonendospermous.
27. Economic importance:-
* Caesalpinina pulcherrima (Peacock flower)– ornamental,
Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Antitumorous, Abortifacient, Antiulcer and Anti-
inflammatory activity.
*Tamarindus indica (Tamarind)– fruit edible, wound healing, abdominal
pain, diarrhea, dysentery, parasitic infestation, fever, malaria and
respiratory problems.
*Cassia tora/ Senna tora - natural pesticide, pet food industry, seeds
and leaves treat skin disease, seeds as laxative.
28. Cassia occidentalis - plant extracts antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial,
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and
Immunosuppression activity
*C. fistula (golden shower) – ornamental, bark as tonic, antidysentric,
for skin complaints, the powder or decoction of the bark in leprosy,
jaundice, syphilis and heart diseases. The aqueous extract of the root
bark exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
29. *Saraca indica (asoka tree) - gynecological problems , menstrual
disorders , as tonic, controlling spasms and abdominal pain.
*Bauhinia acuminata – leaf treat bladder stone , leprosy , asthma and
digestive diseases. plant used in traditional medicine.
*B. tomentosa –bark used for Skin Problems,cure Wounds and Ulcers. A
decoction prepared from its bark is used for gargling to treat Oral
Problems like Sore Throat.
*B. purpurea (butterfly tree) -antibacterial, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-
inflammatory, anticancerous, nephroprotective and thyroid hormone
regulating activity.
30. *B. monandra – (Napoleon's plume) folk medicine for diabetes treatment
leaf extracts of sources of natural antioxidants
Haematoxylon campechianum (bloodwood tree) -astringent, anti-
inflammatory agent and to treat gastric disorders. Ornamental, haematin
from heartwood is used for producing dye haematoxylin.
Delonix regia (flamboyant / royal poinciana) -seed is carminative,
ornamental
Parkinsonia aculeata (Jerusalem thorn) - antipyretic, antimalarial,
diaphoretic and abortifacient.
36. Androecium: Equal to petals – Mimosa, Double the
number of petals – Adenanthera, indefinite – Acacia,
Pitecolobium. Filaments long, coloured.
Based on stamen number, family divided to two –
Mimosa group with definite number, Acacia group
with indefinite number.
Anthers bithecous , basifixed, with longitudinal
dehiscence.
Flowers conspicuous due to the exerted coloured
filaments.
37. Gynoecium: Superior, Monocarpellary, unilocular , with many ovules on
marginal placentation. Style terminal & filiform, stigma capitate/
inconspicuous.
Fruit: Legume /Lomentum
Seed: Exalbuminous with straight embryo.
38. Diagnostic Features:
Shrubs or trees
leaves pinnately/ bipinnately compund pulvinate, stipulate with entire
margins
Inflorescence spike
Flower bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous/ tetramerous,
dichlamydeous, cyclic, hypogynous, bracteate, ebracteolate
Calyx 4 or 5, gamosepalous with valvate aestivation
Corolla 4/5, gamopetalous with valvate aestivation
Androecium equal / double/ infinite number, filaments long & coloured
with bithecous, basifixed & introrse anthers
gynoecium superior, monocarpellary, unilocular with ovules on
marginal placentation. Style filiform, terminal & stigma inconspicuous.
Fruit legume/ lomentum
Seeds exalbuminous.
39. Economic importance:
Mimosa pudica ( Touch me-not) - antibacterial, antivenom, antifertility,
aphrodisiac, treatment of urinogenital disorders, piles, dysentery, sinus,
and also applied on wounds.
Acaia auriculiformis (Ear-Pod Wattle) - A decoction of the root sore eyes;
an infusion of the bark treated rheumatism; recover wastelands.
A. Catechu (catechu)- treatment of cough, sore throat; bark - dysentery,
diarrhoea, healing wounds; seeds antibacterial action.
A.mangium (black wattle) –wood for paper, timber, furniture, firewood,
charcoal. leaves can serve as forage for livestock.
40. A. arabica (Indian Gum arabic) – foliage for
cattle, bark in tanning
A.Senegal (Sudan gum arabic) - Tree yields
commercial gum arabic, used extensively in
pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical
drugs and cosmetics use gum as a binder,
emulsifying agent, and a suspending or
viscosity-increasing agent.
A.decurrens (Green Wattle) - fuelwood and
charcoal , bark astringent, for diarrhea,
ornamental, prevents soil erosion.
A.Dealbata (silver wattle) –
yellow dye form flowers,
ornamental,
prevents soil erosion
41. Pithecolobium dulce (Manila tamarind, Madras thorn) - bark and pulp
being astringent, haemostatic , gum ailments, toothache and bleeding.
Samanea saman/ Enterolobium saman/ Albizzia lebbeck (Rain tree) –
shade tree, plant is used in the treatment of diarrhea, stomach pain,
and sore throat. It is also used as a laxative.
42. Adenathera pavonina (Barbados pride)-A red powder from the wood
used as antiseptic paste. ground seeds treat boils and inflammations.
decoction leaves treat gout and rheumatism. The bark to wash hair.
Prosopis spicigera (screw-bean) -in traditional medicine
leprosy, dysentery, asthma, leucoderma, dyspepsia , earache. Bark
wood, tanning, fuel, firewood and charcoal.
Neptunia oleracea (water mimosa)-Pheophorbide a and
its related compounds plant makes
this plant a promising antitumor plant.
The plant can also be used in
sewage water treatment plants.
43. Entada rheedii (African dream herb or snuff box sea bean) – pulp of
seed edible, dried, powderd, mixed with tobacco and chewed by
aborigins of africa. Plant as a topical ointment against jaundice,
toothache, ulcers and to treat muscular-skeletal problems.
