This document discusses key concepts in evolution including: 1. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that species evolve over time through descent with modification from common ancestors and the process of natural selection. 2. Mechanisms of evolution include genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and natural selection. Population genetics studies how allele frequencies change in populations over time. 3. Speciation, the formation of new species, can occur through allopatric or sympatric mechanisms and results in reproductive isolation between species. Modes of speciation include geographical barriers causing allopatric speciation and factors like polyploidy potentially enabling sympatric speciation.