Evolution of plants and non vascular
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1. The document discusses the evolution of plants from algae to land plants. It describes key events in plant evolution including the development of cells, chloroplasts, and alternation of generations with separate haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte phases. 2. Details are provided on the structure and reproduction of major plant groups including bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses). Liverworts and mosses are described as having both haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations. 3. Diagrams illustrate the life cycles and reproductive structures of bryophytes and how they differ from vascular land plants in their alternation of generations and lack
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Evolution of plants and non vascular
1. The document discusses the evolution of plants, beginning with descriptions of Elodea cell structures like chloroplasts and amyloplasts.
2. It then covers the life cycles of plants like Elodea, which alternate between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations. This is known as the alternation of generations.
3. Several groups of early land plants are introduced, including bryophytes like liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Details of structures like archegonia and antheridia in reproduction are provided.
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Evolution of plants and non vascular.pptx
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3. The life cycles of model bryophytes like Marchantia, Sphagnum moss,
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Evolution of plants and non vascular
1. The document discusses the evolution of plants, beginning with descriptions of Elodea cell structures like chloroplasts and amyloplasts.
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- Lycophytes were some of the earliest land plants and include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. They produce spores through sporophylls, which are modified leaves containing sporangia. Most lycophytes are homosporous, producing one type of spore.
- Seedless vascular plants evolved to have two types of vascular tissue - xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals through dead tracheid cells, while phloem transports sugars and other organic compounds through living cells. Roots evolved from subterranean stems to anchor plants and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Leaves evolved from stem outgrowths to increase
Evolution and systematics.ppt
This document provides an overview of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key figures and findings that influenced Darwin's thinking, such as Linnaeus' taxonomy, Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired traits, and Lyell and Hutton's theories of gradual geological change. The document also summarizes Darwin's two main ideas in Origin of Species: that evolution explains life's diversity and unity, and that natural selection is a mechanism of adaptive evolution. It provides examples of natural selection in action and evidence that supports evolution, such as molecular homologies and transitional fossils.
Molecular genetics.ppt
The document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. It describes how DNA contains the genetic code in the form of nucleotide sequences. During transcription, DNA directs the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation then uses the mRNA to synthesize polypeptides through the ribosome. George Beadle and Edward Tatum provided evidence supporting the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis through experiments with bread mold mutants. Their work showed that each gene directs the production of a specific enzyme.
Ecology fs2013.ppt
This document provides an overview of ecology and the biosphere from an introductory ecology textbook. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecologists study these interactions across different levels from individual organisms to the entire biosphere. The document outlines the different focus areas of ecology including organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and global ecology.
It then discusses how ecology links to evolutionary biology and informs environmental issues. Various abiotic and biotic factors that influence the distribution of species are examined, including dispersal, behavior, climate, temperature, water, and interactions with other species. Finally, it provides an overview
Vascular plants diversity.pptx
This document discusses the evolution and diversity of vascular plants. It defines key characteristics of tracheophytes, including vascular tissue, supportive tissue, roots and shoots. It describes lignin and secondary cell walls. It discusses the alternation of generations life cycle and key plant tissues/structures like xylem, phloem, sclerenchyma and fibers. The document outlines the major groups of vascular plants including rhyniophytes, lycopodiophytes, and euphyllophytes. It provides examples of extant lycophytes like club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts.
Reproductive structures
This document discusses reproductive structures in flowering plants. It describes the parts of a flower including sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. It discusses floral variation in terms of complete/incomplete and perfect/imperfect flowers. It also discusses the development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, seed formation, seed dormancy, germination, and fruit formation providing protection and dispersal of seeds. Fruits are classified based on their developmental origin and texture. Seed and fruit dispersal methods include wind, physical expulsion, animal ingestion, attachment to animals, water, and ants.
Vascular plant organs
This document summarizes the key plant organs - meristems, roots, stems, and leaves. It describes the tissues and growth patterns of each organ. Apical and lateral meristems are responsible for primary and secondary growth, respectively. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water/minerals, having root hairs, a root cap, and tissues like the epidermis, cortex, and stele. Stems support leaves and transport fluids, with tissues like the epidermis, vascular bundles, and pith. Leaves undergo photosynthesis, with tissues such as the epidermis, mesophyll, and veins. Leaf shapes, venation patterns, and arrangements vary between plant types and environments.
Plant systematics
This document discusses the key concepts and components of systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogeny. It covers topics such as:
- The goal of phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary history.
- The major parts of systematics including description, classification, nomenclature, and identification.
- Tools for communicating taxonomic information such as keys and scientific names.
- Methods for determining evolutionary relationships including cladistics and cladograms.
- Principles of formal taxonomic naming and types of specimens.
- Uses of keys to identify unknown taxa.
Evolution with phylogeny
This document discusses key concepts in biological evolution and taxonomy. It defines natural theology as the study of nature to understand the creator's plan. It describes the work of Carolus Linnaeus in establishing taxonomy and Jean Baptiste Lamarck's comparison of current and fossil species. The document then covers Darwin and Wallace's theory of descent with modification through natural selection and genetic inheritance. It discusses populations, species, and mechanisms of evolution like genetic drift, mutation, gene flow and natural selection. Finally, it summarizes population genetics, speciation, phylogeny, cladistics, and allopatric versus sympatric speciation.
Plant growth and development [compatibility mode]
Plant growth and development involves irreversible increases in size through cell division and enlargement (growth) as well as the progressive changes that elaborate the organism's form (development). Plants require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and other essential nutrients for growth, development, and completing their life cycle. Nutrients are classified as macronutrients, which are required in large amounts, or micronutrients, which are required in small amounts. Plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli. Hormones regulate processes like cell
Respiration
Cells require energy from external sources to perform tasks. Energy flows into ecosystems as sunlight and leaves as heat. Living cells obtain energy through photosynthesis or cellular respiration. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to completely oxidize glucose or other fuels and extract more energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. When oxygen is absent, cells use fermentation pathways to produce ATP without oxygen by converting pyruvate into other end products like ethanol or lactic acid. Both fermentation and cellular respiration involve glycolysis but differ in their final electron acceptors, with cellular respiration producing more ATP.
Plant genetics
This document summarizes key concepts in plant genetics. It discusses:
1. Genes and chromosomes, and their roles in heredity and variation.
2. The cell cycle and its phases (interphase and mitosis/meiosis), which allow for cell division and reproduction.
3. Sources of variation like crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes, and random fertilization during meiosis.
4. Mendel's experiments on true-breeding plants and his discovery of dominant and recessive alleles, and how they segregate and combine during reproduction according to the laws of inheritance.
5. Tools like Punnett squares that are used to predict outcomes of genetic crosses and inheritance of
Molecular genetics
This document provides information on DNA, genes, and heredity. It discusses that DNA is found in the nucleus and is made up of nucleotides. Genes, which are specific regions of DNA, code for enzymes and transfer hereditary traits. The central dogma is that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Modern techniques like genetic engineering can transfer genes between organisms to create transgenic plants with desired traits like pest resistance.
Transport in plants
This document discusses various modes of transport in plants. It describes:
1) Passive transport processes like diffusion and osmosis that move substances down their concentration gradients without external energy input. Water potential and membrane transport proteins are also discussed.
2) Active transport mechanisms that require energy to move substances against gradients, such as sucrose-hydrogen cotransport.
3) Long distance transport within plants, including lateral transport in cell walls and plasmodesmata, as well as bulk flow transport in xylem and phloem between organs.
Evolution
This document discusses key concepts in evolution including:
1. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that species evolve over time through descent with modification from common ancestors and the process of natural selection.
2. Mechanisms of evolution include genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and natural selection. Population genetics studies how allele frequencies change in populations over time.
3. Speciation, the formation of new species, can occur through allopatric or sympatric mechanisms and results in reproductive isolation between species. Modes of speciation include geographical barriers causing allopatric speciation and factors like polyploidy potentially enabling sympatric speciation.
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Evolution of plants and non vascular
- 1. 9/4/2013 1 REVIEW 1 2 3 4 5 A 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 1 1 1 Outgroup 0 0 0 0 0 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS OBICO JJA, Instructor Department of Biology
- 2. 9/4/2013 2 cell wall Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae - Alismatales) chloroplasts thylakoids granum amyloplasts (starch grains): alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside stroma chloroplast: chlorophyll a & b grana starch HAPLOID (n) Multicelled Stage (Adult) Egg (n) Sperm (n) Spores (n) mitosis HAPLONTIC Oogamy HAPLOID (n) Multicelled Stage (Adult) Gamete (n) Spores (n) mitosis HAPLONTIC Isogamy Gamete (n) Zygote (2n) fertilizationmeiosis Zygote (2n) fertilizationmeiosis A B
- 3. 9/4/2013 3 Charales - oogamy oogonium Coleochaete Nitella Chara plasmodesmata middle lamella CELL #1 CELL #2 plasma membrane cell wall: cellulosic plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants) cellulosic cell wall middle lamellamembrane The Land Plants =Embryophyta (embryophytes) The first colonization of plants on land during the Silurian period ca 400 million years agoSilurian period, ca. 400 million years ago. Land Plants now dominate the earth.
- 4. 9/4/2013 4 Two possible hypotheses: GAMETOPHYTE (n) Egg (n) Sperm (n) HAPLODIPLONTIC ("Alternation of Generations") Spores (n) lost by reduction and modification in the Angiosperms and some Gnetales Archegonium (n) Antheridium (n) meiosis mitosis } (Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers, Gnetales, and Angiosperms) Sporocyte (2n) produce (n) (n) Zygote (2n) SPOROPHYTE (2n) Embryo (2n) Sporangium (2n) fertilization mitosismitosis
- 5. 9/4/2013 5
- 6. 9/4/2013 6 antheridiu m antheridiu m Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss) sperm cells egg cell Marchantia (liverwort) archegonium neck “Bryophytes” paraphyletic
- 7. 9/4/2013 7 Liverworts Hornworts Mosses “Bryophytes” Liverworts - Hepaticae Two basic forms: -thalloid -leafy Asterella sp. 1
- 8. 9/4/2013 8 Asterella sp. 2 Bazannia a leafy liverwort Conocephalum sp. Fossombronia sp.
- 11. 9/4/2013 11 Mosses (Musci) calyptra operculum peristome tooth mature capsule (sporangium) spores sporophyte (2n) antheridia germinating spore protonema operculum peristome teeth gametophyte (n) archegonia costa embryo (2n) archegonial neck GAMETOPHYTE (n) Egg (n) Sperm (n) HAPLODIPLONTIC ("Alternation of Generations") Spores (n) lost by reduction and modification in the Angiosperms and some Gnetales Archegonium (n) Antheridium (n) meiosis mitosis } (Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers, Gnetales, and Angiosperms) Sporocyte (2n) produce (n) (n) Zygote (2n) SPOROPHYTE (2n) Embryo (2n) Sporangium (2n) fertilization mitosismitosis
- 13. 9/4/2013 13 spore (n) protonema spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n) spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n) archegonium antheridium spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n) fertilization archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n)
- 14. 9/4/2013 14 meiosis spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n) fertilization archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n) Sphagnum Peat Moss Sphagnum Peat Moss