Emergence of Urban Community and the Rise of the Metropolis

EMERGENCE OF URBAN
COMMUNITY AND RISE
OF THE METROPOLIS
DR. JOSEFINA B. BITONIO
PROFESSOR
WYN-LOVE N. CAAMPUED
MPA-STUDENT

EMERGENCE OF URBAN COMMUNITY AND RISE OF
THE METROPOLIS
2

DEFINITION OF TERMS
• An urban area, or built-up area, is a human settlement with a
high population density and infrastructure of built environment.
Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized
by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs.
• Urban areas are created when a large group of people gather to live
in a certain area. Most of the time they are created for beneficial
reasons.
URBAN
3

URBANIZATION
• Urban growth, also known as urbanization, accelerated dramatically with the
advent of industrialization some 200 years ago. At that time, large numbers of
people moved to cities in search of jobs, mostly in factories. But the most rapid
growth has taken place over the past 50 years. While less than one-third of the
world's population lived in cities in 1950, about two thirds of humanity is
expected to live in urban areas by 2030. Most of that urbanization is taking
place in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
• Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the
decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which
societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly the process by
which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin
living and working in central areas.
BY SOCIOLOGY GROUP
4

METROPOLIS
• A metropolis is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic,
political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for
regional or international connections, commerce, and communications. The
term is Ancient Greek and means the "mother city" of a colony (in the ancient
sense), that is, the city which sent out settlers. This was later generalized to a
city regarded as a center of a specified activity, or any large, important city in a
nation.
• A large city, including EXURBS and SUBURBS, that has distinct
administrative and cultural districts.
5

SUBURB AND EXURB
Suburb
• A residential area outside of a city that is close enough for a daily commute.
Exurb
• An area beyond the suburbs where wealthy and affluent individuals live.
Macionis, John, and Kenneth Plummer. 2012. Sociology: A Global Introduction. 4th ed. Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
6

THE EARLIEST CITIES
• Early cities developed in a number of regions, from Mesopotamia to
Asia to the Americas. The very first cities were founded in
Mesopotamia after the Neolithic Revolution, around 7500 BCE.
Mesopotamian cities included Eridu, Uruk, and Ur. Early cities also
arose in the Indus Valley and ancient China. Among the early Old World
cities, one of the largest was Mohenjo-daro, located in the Indus Valley
(present-day Pakistan); it existed from about 2600 BCE, and had a
population of 50,000 or more. In the ancient Americas, the earliest
cities were built in the Andes and Mesoamerica, and flourished
between the 30th century BCE and the 18th century BCE.
7

WHY DID CITIES FORM IN THE FIRST PLACE?
• There is insufficient evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities,
but some theorists have speculated on what they consider pre-conditions and
basic mechanisms that could explain the rise of cities. Agriculture is believed to be
a pre-requisite for cities, which help preserve surplus production and create
economies of scale. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the
Neolithic Revolution, with the spread of agriculture. The advent of farming
encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and settle near
others who lived by agricultural production. Agriculture yielded more food, which
made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development.
Farming led to dense, settled populations, and food surpluses that required
storage and could facilitate trade. These conditions seem to be important
prerequisites for city life. Many theorists hypothesize that agriculture preceded
the development of cities and led to their growth.
8

THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF URBANIZATION IN THE
WORLD
• Although there were a few cities as early as 4000 B.C., the cities of the ancient world were
generally small and had to be supported by much larger rural populations. "Urbanized
societies," in which a high proportion of the population lives in cities, developed only in the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the
entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. A diminution of the rate of
urbanization in the older industrial countries is being compensated for by an increase in the
rate in the underdeveloped areas.
• By the early 1900s both Great Britain and the United States had become predominantly
urbanized nations; since that time, urbanization has been occurring around the globe at a rapid
rate. Today, as many as 50 percent of the world's population lives in urban areas, compared to
only a few percent just 200 years ago.
Kingsley Davis American Journal of Sociology Vol. 60, No. 5, World Urbanism (Mar., 1955), pp. 429-437 (9 pages) Published By: The University of Chicago Press
9

THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF URBANIZATION IN THE WORLD
• Eventual technological improvements—such as simple tools and information on how to farm
and raise animals—allowed people to settle in one place. They built villages, with perhaps only
a few hundred people living in each, and, for the following 5,000 years, produced just enough
food for themselves—with nothing more in reserve.
• About 5,000 years ago, however, humans developed such innovations as irrigation, metallurgy,
and animal‐drawn plows. These developments allowed farmers to produce an excess of food
beyond their immediate needs. The resulting surplus of food led some people to make their
living in other ways: for instance, by making pottery, weaving, and engaging in other
nonagricultural activities that they could sell or exchange with others for the surplus food. As a
result, people moved off the farms, commerce developed, and cities began to form.
Kingsley Davis American Journal of Sociology Vol. 60, No. 5, World Urbanism (Mar., 1955), pp. 429-437 (9 pages) Published By: The University of Chicago Press
10

PREINDUSTRIAL CITIES
• Preindustrial cities which first arose on fertile lands along rivers in the Middle East, Egypt, and
China were quite small compared to today's cities. Most preindustrial cities housed fewer than
10,000 inhabitants. Others, like Rome, may have contained as many as several hundred
thousand people.
• Preindustrial cities differed significantly from today's cities. The residential and commercial
districts were not as sharply separated as they are today. Most traders and artisans worked at
home, although people with the same trades tended to live in the same areas of town. People
in cities also segregated themselves from one another according to class, ethnicity, and
religion—with little or no chance for social mobility or interaction with other groups.
11

INDUSTRIAL CITIES
• Between 1700 and 1900, increasing numbers of people moved into cities,
resulting in an urban revolution. For example, in 1700 less than 2 percent of
British people lived in cities, but by 1900 the majority of them did so. The United
States and other European countries soon attained similar levels of urbanization,
driven by the Industrial Revolution.
• Industrialization produced the mechanization of agriculture, which, in turn,
limited the amount of work available on farms. This lack of employment forced
farm laborers to move to cities to find work. This migration of workers from rural
to urban areas then gave rise to the industrial city.
12

URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ITS FORMS: ORIGINS AND NEW
CHALLENGES
• In history, there is evidence of permanent human settlements at around 10 000
B.P., before the discovery of agriculture. They were basically settlements of
hunters and gatherers, who did not use extensive agriculture but had some
knowledge about the basic principles. Agriculture was the result of the
combination of a climate change―that made available new land areas of the
planet―and of social and technological factors. There was a trend of growth of
population due to better territory control.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT – Vol. III - Mercedes Pardo and José M. Echavarren ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
13

URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ITS FORMS: ORIGINS AND
NEW CHALLENGES
• At that time, there was not a strict difference between rural and
urban ways of life, and in fact most of town dwellers were peasants.
The development of agriculture led eventually to further advances:
the development of astronomy, in order to know more exactly the
best dates to harvest; mathematics, in order to calculate profits and
the quantity of surpluses stored in warehouses; and writing, needed
for having a written record of these activities.
14

URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ITS FORMS: ORIGINS AND
NEW CHALLENGES
• Because of this, another distinctive feature of towns, alongside temples (to house the
bureaucratic body) and palaces (for the political power) was created: city walls. In time, rich
civilizations would rise, creating cities and empires.
• The first form of urban space, that was hegemonic until the seventeenth century A.D. was
“that of a classic container: an imposing mass of monumental buildings, usually protected by a
wall and surrounded by closely built residential quarters, workshops, minor shrines or temples,
and markets, threaded by alleys, streets, or processional ways, the whole area enclosed by one
or more heavy walls, moats, and canals and entered only through massive gates. Such a city
covers a dozen or many hundred acres. Another, looser form, in which the magnet prevails over
the container, is also visible. This open form, which possibly characterized the pyramid age of
Egypt, appeared later in the Acropolis cities of the Aegean and the ceremonial centers of Meso-
America.
15

URBAN PLANNING OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES
• The huge changes that cities were undergoing, combined with the emergence of the more
critical and rationalistic ideas of the Enlightenment, led to a debate about city redevelopment
and urban improvements.
• One of the first traditional symbols of cities, namely the city wall, was cleared away to let the
city spread beyond, and to prevent the pernicious effects of crowding on public health. Urban
areas underwent a rapid growth as they proved to be a better location for factories. Cities
attracted people from the countryside looking for a better life.
16

• One of the most important ideas in urban design during the nineteenth century, which has
survived until today, is the importance of green spaces in cities. In terms of a process it was
known as Garden City.
• Its first supporter and important theorist was the Britain Ebezener Howard, who wrote a
manifest for Garden Cities in 1898 under the title of To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real
Reform (re-issued in 1902 under the title of Garden Cities of Tomorrow).
17

• The Garden City Movement aimed to combine the best of both the town and
the country. Two towns were founded during the life of Howard: Letchworth
and Welwyn, the last considered the most salient example of twentieth
century’s urban design, although they went through many financial problems,
affecting their viability.
18

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE CITIES BEFORE 1900
• The Philippine archipelago was settled at least 30,000 years ago, when migrations from the
Indonesian archipelago and elsewhere are believed to have occurred. Additional migrations
took place over the next millennia. Over time, social and political organization developed and
evolved in the widely scattered islands. The basic unit of settlement was the barangay (a Malay
word for boat that came to be used to denote a communal settlement). Kinship groups were
led by a datu (chief), and within the barangay there were broad social divisions consisting of
nobles, freemen, and dependent and landless agricultural workers and slaves. Over the
centuries, Indo-Malay migrants were joined by Chinese traders.
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , August 1972 , pp. 769 – 792
19

• The Philippines has a rich and old history. Although there were
already people inhabiting the islands for thousands of years, most
of our written history began during the Spanish era. Their influence
over us can still be see even in our modern culture.
• The oldest city in the country is Cebu City. Also known as the
“Queen City of the South”, Cebu is where the first European settlers
established a settlement. Historically, Cebu was the country’s
capital until they moved it to Manila.
20

• Cities and towns first developed in the Philippines as a product of Spanish rule and Roman
Catholic mission activity. In this context a new three tiered hierarchy of settlements was
established above the preexisting village level. Elements of social and spatial segregation
derived from Mexico were imposed in these settlements. Due to a lack of economic base, the
towns set up to serve as regional centers soon declined. Substantial provincial urbanism
appeared only with the rise of commerce and commercial agriculture during the nineteenth
century. Manila achieved early predominance as a combined result of its ecclesiastical-
administrative position and its role as the principal entrepot in the trade of Mexican silver for
Chinese goods. Despite the collapse of that trade, Manila retained its primate position by
becoming the chief point of import and distribution for Western manufacturers as well as a
major collecting area for the export of agricultural commodities
21

THE STRUCTURE OF CITIES
Urban structure is the arrangement of land use, explained using different models.
• Grid Model
• Concentric Ring Model
22

URBAN STRUCTURE MODELS
Grid Model
• In grid models, land is divided by streets intersect at right angles, forming a
grid.
• Grid plans are more common in North American cities than in Europe, where
older cities tend to be build on streets that radiate out from a central square or
structure of cultural significance. Grid plans facilitate development because
developers can subdivide and auction off large parcels of land.
23

URBAN STRUCTURE MODELS
Concentric Ring Model
• The concentric ring model was postulated in 1924 by sociologist Ernest Burgess, based
on his observations of Chicago. It draws on human ecology theories, which compared
the city to an ecosystem, with processes of adaptation and assimilation. Urban
residents naturally sort themselves into appropriate rings, or ecological niches,
depending on class and cultural assimilation. The innermost ring represents the central
business district (CBD), called Zone A.
• It is surrounded by a zone of transition (B), which contains industry and poorer-quality
housing. The third ring (C) contains housing for the working-class—the zone of
independent workers’ homes. The fourth ring (D) has newer and larger houses
occupied by the middle-class. The outermost ring (E), or commuter’s zone, is residential
suburbs.
24

METROPOLIS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Metropolis in writing a modern day perspective on metropolitanization in the world has
suggested a general rule-of-thumb in defining a metropolis by referring to it as a large
urban settlement with at least one million population.
• A city is different from a metropolis as the former is only a medium-sized settlement with
a population between 100,000 and one million.
25

METROPOLIS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• In the Philippines- Metro Manila is now part of the world map of
current megalopolises or mega-cities. Having reached more than
eight million population in 1990, it has graduated from a
metropolitan status.
• Lately, some of the highly urbanized cities have been gradually
taking on a metropolitan character in terms of increasing
population and the presence of relatively complex urban systems
including modern transport and communication infrastructure,
expanding residential areas resulting in an intricate daily commuting
pattern and sophisticated commercial and trading activities.
26

METROPOLITAN ARRANGEMENTS
• Article X Section 13 of the 1986 Constitution provides the prime basis for any
intergovernmental or metropolitan arrangement. It states: “Local government
units may group themselves, consolidate or coordinate their efforts, services
and resources for purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with
law”. The 1991 Local Government Code further strengthened this under
Chapter 3 Section 33: Greek words: metro meaning “mother” and polis
meaning city. It is descriptive of a “mother city giving birth as it were to
daughter cities and together forming a large city that is several times bigger
than the original one in terms of land area and population”. 4 “Local
government units may, through appropriate ordinances, group themselves,
consolidate or coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for purposes
commonly beneficial to them.
27

CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT AND EMERGING
• It may seem not easy to make a generalization on the relationships
of the various features of the metropolitan arrangements. One
would expect that the population and area size of the metropolis
would be positively correlated with the number of local political
units included in the metropolitan composition. In other words, the
expectation is that the greater the number of LGUs in the
arrangement the bigger population and area size of the constituted
metropolis.
28

• Genesis of Metropolitan Arrangements briefly outlines the historical
precedents of the various metropolitan arrangements under study. With the
exception of Metro Manila, the formation of metropolitan arrangements are
events of the 90s.
• One can glean from their unique experiences a variety of factors that cause
their formation. Conveniently, these can be generalized into four major
precursors. Common Pressing Local Concern The formation of Metro BLIST,
CAMADA and Metro Naga is preceded by pressing concerns. The damage left
by the strong quake that hit the regions of Northern Luzon in 1990 has paved
the way for LGUs to more closely interact and view future development in a
more integrated fashion.
29

30

ORGANIZATION AND FINANCING OF
• Variations and Commonalities outlines the various organizational structures
and sources of financing of the eight metropolitan arrangements in the
country. Only three of the eight metropolitan areas under investigation already
have their respective policy and management structures in place.
• These are Metros Manila, Naga and Davao. Metro Manila and Metro Naga are
supported by a congressional law and presidential issuance, respectively, while
Metro Davao was established through a memorandum of agreement by and
between local government officials.
31

ORGANIZATION AND FINANCING OF
32

CLASSIFICATION OF CITIES
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Philippines cities are classified into three groups:
• Highly Urbanized Cities (HUC)
• Independent Component Cities (ICC)
• Component Cities (CC)
33

IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Highly urbanized cities are local government units autonomous from provinces that have a
minimum population of 200,000 and an annual income of at least 50 million (in 1991 constant
prices).
• Independent Component Cities are cities outside of provincial jurisdiction (although some are
allowed to participate in the election of provincial officials) that have not yet attained the
'highly urbanized' status, while
• Component Cities are those under a province's jurisdiction. In addition, each city is classified
into six income brackets according to income in a four-year period. For instance, First-class
cities have an income of 400 million or more, while Sixth-class cities earn less than 80 million
in a four-year period.
34

IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Each city is governed by both the Local Government Code of 1991 and the city's
own municipal charter, under the laws of the Republic of the Philippines.
• There are 146 cities of the Philippines as of September 7, 2019.
• Thirty-three of these are highly urbanized cities (HUC), five are independent
component cities (ICC), with the rest being component cities (CC) of their
respective provinces.
35

SAMPLE LIST OF CLASSIFICATION OF CITIES
IN THE PHILIPPINES
36

SAMPLE LIST OF CLASSIFICATION OF CITIES
IN THE PHILIPPINES
37

REFERENCES
• Britton, N.J., Halfpenny P., Devine F., and Mellor R. (2004). The Future of Regional Cities in the Information Age: The Impact of
Information Technology on Manchester’s Financial and Business Services. Sociology, 38 (4), 795-814.
• National Geographic News: Green-Based Urban Growth—The Next Wave of Environmentalism
• National Geographic News: Plant-Covered Roofs Ease Urban Heat
• National Geographic Environment: Habitats—Urban
• ^ National Statistical Coordination Board. "City Classification". Archived from the original on September 13, 2012.
Retrieved August 20, 2012.
• ^ Congress of the Philippines (October 10, 1991). "An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991". Retrieved August
20, 2012.
• ^ "PSA ActiveStats – PSGC Interactive – List of Cities". Philippine Statistics Authority. September 30, 2016. Archived from the
originalon July 6, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
• ^ Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. PSA. Retrieved June
20, 2016.
• ^ Jump up to:a b "List of Cities". Philippine Statistics Authority – National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the
original (Web page) on April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
38

“The city is a fact in nature, like a cave, a run
of mackerel or an ant-heap. But it is also a
conscious work of art, and it holds within its
communal framework many simpler and more
personal forms of art. Mind takes form in the
city; and in turn, urban forms condition mind.”
-Lewis Mumford-
39

DR. JOSEFINA B. BITONIO
PROFESSOR
WYN-LOVE N. CAAMPUED
MPA-STUDENT
40

Emergence of Urban Community and the Rise of the Metropolis

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