The document discusses urbanization in India during the post-Independence period. It notes that urbanization increased rapidly during this time, with the urban population rising from 17.6% in 1951 to 23.7% in 1981. Key factors driving urban growth included rural-to-urban migration, the establishment of new administrative and industrial cities, and the expansion of existing large cities. Some examples given are the creation of new state capitals like Chandigarh and the rise of industrial cities around steel, fertilizer, and port facilities.

1. Urbanization during post
Independence period
Submitted to:Mrs.Thuhina sinha
By:
Ravi varma
B.Tech(plng),2nd sem
11011ba019,
JNA&FAU,SPA.

2. URBANIZATION:DEFINITION
• Urbanization is the process where an increasing percentage of a population
lives in cities and suburbs.
• This process is often linked to industrialization and modernization, as large
numbers of people leave farms to work and live in cities.
• Urbanization is also facilitated by improvements in surplus agriculture, as
cities are always dependent upon external farming for food Rural-urban
migration continued to spread globally.
• Today, more than half of the world's population lives in cities.

3. Urbanisation in India
• Urbanisation in India was mainly caused after independence, due to
adoption of mixed system of economy by the country which gave rise to
the development of private sector.
• Urbanisation is taking place at a faster rate in India. Population residing in
urban areas in India, according to 1901 census, was 11.4%.
• This count increased to 28.53% according to 2001 census, and crossing
30% as per 2011 census, standing at 31.16%.According to a survey by UN
State of the World Population report in 2007, by 2030, 40.76% of country's
population is expected to reside in urban areas

4. Causes of Urbanization in India
The main causes of urbanisation in India are:
• Expansion in government services.
• Migration of people from Pakistan after partition of India.
• The Industrial Revolution.
• Eleventh five year plan that aimed at urbanisation for the economic development of India.
• Economic opportunities are just one reason people move into cities.
• Infrastructure facilities in the urban areas.
• Growth of private sector after 1990 .

5. Urbanization in India
• As per World Bank, India, along with China, Indonesia, Nigeria and the United States, will
lead the world's urban population surge by 2050.
• Mumbai saw large scale rural-urban migration in the 21st century.
• Mumbai accommodates 12.5 million people, and is the largest metropolis by population in
India, followed by Delhi with 11 million inhabitants.
• Witnessing the fastest rate of urbanization in the world, as per 2011 census, Delhi's
population rose by 4.1%, Mumbai's by 3.1% and Kolkata's by 2% as per 2011 census
compared to 2001 census.
• Estimated population, at the current rate of growth, by year 2015 of Mumbai stands at 25
million, Delhi and Kolkata at 16 million each and Hyderabad at 10 million, .

6. URBANIZATION during Post
Independence period
• Urbanization has entered a new and most important phase in the post independence period.
• In contrast with the British period,which witnessed a period of urban stagnation.
• The post independence period is notable for the rapid urbanisation, particularly of the one
lakh and million cities.
• There has been nearly threefold increase in the population,from 62 million in 1951 to 159
million in 1981.
• The proportion of urban population has increased from 17.6% in 1951 to 23.7% in 1981.
• The number of cities with one million population has increased from 4 to 12 in the same
period.
• Three factors have influenced to the rapid growth of the urban cities:
• Natural increase of the urban population
• Due to in-migration from villages to cities.
• Expansion of urban boundries.

7. URBANIZATION during Post
Independence period
• The major changes that have occured in india’s urban scene in the post independence period
are:
• 1.the building of new administrative cities such as chandigarh,bhubaneshwar and gandhinagar
• 2.the construction of new industrial cities and new industrial townships near major cities.
• 3.the rapid growth of one lakh and million cities.
• 4.Increase in slums in major cities,and emergence of rural urban fringe.
• 5.the introduction of city planning and general improvement in the civic amenities.

8. URBANIZATION during Post
Independence period
• In the period immediately following independence there was a massive influx of refugees
into india,in two principal streams:
(1) The refugees from west pakistan,who found the way to delhi,punjab.
(2) The refugees from east pakistan who settled down in calcutta and in assam in tripura.
New state capitals
The partition and the state reorganisation of 1956,resulted in creation of linguistic state, without
suitatable capital cities.
• Some of these built, with central assistance, new capital cities, the most notable and lavishly
built among these is Chandigarh.
• The other cities were Bhubaneswar in orissa,gandhinagar in gujrat,and dispur in assam.

9. Emerging of Industrial cities
• India has become the world’s tenth largest industrialised nation.
• This has come about largely in the post-independence period,and in particular since 1956.
• Among the most notable outcomes of industrialization in post independence period are the
steel cities of rourkela,durgapur,bhilai nagar and bokaro.
• Other new industrial cities are the refinery towns of barauni,noonmati,haldia and ankleshwar.
• The fertilizer towns at sindri,mittrapur,nayal nangal and namrup.
• Port towns such as kandla and paradeep.
• According to THE WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT,the rural to urban migration has
lead to the growth on an average of 4.2% during the period of 1980-2000.
• On the other hand,the people living in small towns has decreased from 32% in 1951 to 13% in
1981.

10. SOURCE
• http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/
definitions/urbanization-47
• URBANISATION AND URBAN SYSTEMS by
R.RAMACHANDRAN

11. THANK YOU