Urbanization refers to the gradual shift in populations from rural to urban areas. It began during the Industrial Revolution due to job opportunities in cities and factories. Since then, the process has continued and accelerated due to factors like improved transportation, infrastructure development, and migration driven by lack of rural jobs. Today over half the world's population lives in urban areas, and urbanization is a major trend in developing countries as more seek opportunities in cities. India has seen significant urbanization driven by industrialization, which concentrates jobs and people in urban centers.

1. URBANIZATION
Introduction to Urbanization
The term urbanizationiscommonlyusedindemographyaswell asingeography.The mostcommonmeasure of urbanizationis
the proportionof the total populationof anarea that livesinthe urbanareas as defined inthe census.The processof
urbanizationhasbeengoingonsince pre-historictimes.
Howeverthe range of urbanizationrose sharplyinthe 19th and 20th centuries.During1800, there were 27 millionurban
dwellers,inthe world3%of the total but that time umberhasincreased40% of the total population.Inthe developedworld
65% are dwellinginurbanareasbutin the developingworld 25% are urban dwellersandthismaybe expected45%till 2010.
So,we can see thaturban populationisincreasingdayby day.This processof increase
iscalledurbanization.
Meaning of Urbanization
Urbanization means the inflow of rural people to urban areas. It is the movement of the people from the rural areas to urban areas.
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban
areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.
It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in
central areas. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. It is
predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. That is equivalent to
approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and Asia. Notably, the United Nations has also recently
projected that nearly all global population growth from 2016 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities, about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the
next 14 years.
DEFINITION
Urbanization is a process by which a society’s population increases its concentration in urban areas such as town and cities. It short,
the increase in urban population cither by migration from rural areas or by their internal growth is called urbanization.
The processof makingan areamore urban.The qualityor state of being urbanized orthe processof becomingurbanised.The
processby whichtownsandcitiesare formedandbecome largeras more and more people beginlivingandworkingincentral
areas.
WHY URBANISATION REQUIRES
Because of human population growth, urbanization of rural land has become a necessity, along with the accompanying
development of infrastructure to support it.
One of the major trends we see in developing nations like Cambodia is an increase in urbanization, when people living in rural
areas move to cities where there is more opportunity to earn a living.
The increase in farming technology has decreased the amount of farmers needed to produce our food supply, leading to rapid
urbanization in modern-day America.
An increase in a population in cities and towns versus rural areas. Urbanization began during the industrial revolution, when
workers moved towards manufacturing hubs in cities to obtain jobs in factories as agricultural jobs became less common.
Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including geography, sociology, economics, urban planning, and public health.
The phenomenon has been closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization.
Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns) or
as an increase in that condition over time. So urbanization can be quantified either in terms of, say, the level of urban
development relative to the overall population, or as the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing.
Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with
the “potential to use resources more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural
ecosystems.”
Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global
scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture. The first major change in
settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago. Village culture is
characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by
distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behavior. This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue
and intensify during the next few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes unthinkable only a century ago.
Today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Osaka, Karachi, Jakarta, Mumbai, Shanghai, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are each
already home to over 20 million people, while Delhi and Tokyo are forecast to approach or exceed 40 million people each within
the coming decade. Outside Asia, Mexico City, São Paulo, New York, Lagos, Los Angeles, and Cairo are, or soon will be, home

2. to over 20 million people.
History ----- WHEN UNBANISATION STARTED
The word urbanisation started appearing in print way back in the 1880s, which says something about the growth of American
cities. The expansion of Los Angeles was an early example of uncontrolled urbanization. Urbanization is often seen as a negat ive
trend, with bad effects on quality of life and the environment. But apartments require much less heat than houses, and
commuting by mass transit rather than cars can reduce pollution and energy use, and cities offer improved opportunities for jobs
(and often for education and housing as well), so city growth doesn't make everyone unhappy.
From the development of the earliest cities in Mesopotamia and Egypt until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the
vast majority of the population who engaged in subsistence agriculture in a rural context, and small centers of populations in the
towns where economic activity consisted primarily of trade at markets and manufactures on a small scale. Due to the primitive
and relatively stagnant state of agriculture throughout this period the ratio of rural to urban population remained at a fixed
equilibrium, though a significant increase in the percentage of the global urban population can still be traced in the 1st millennium
BCE.
With the onset of the agricultural and industrial revolution in the late 18th century this relationship was finally broken and an
unprecedented growth in urban population took place over the course of the 19th century, both through continued migration from
the countryside and due to the tremendous demographic expansion that occurred at that time. In England the proportion of the
population living in cities jumped from 17% in 1801 to 72% in 1891 (for other countries the figure was: 37% in France, 41%
in Prussia and 28% in the United States).
As labourers were freed up from working the land due to higher agricultural productivity they converged on the new industrial
cities like Manchester and Birmingham which were experiencing a boom in commerce, trade and industry. Growing trade around
the world also allowed cereals to be imported from North America and refrigerated meat from Australasia and South America.
Spatially, cities also expanded due to the development of public transport systems, which facilitated commutes of longer
distances to the city center for the working class.
Urbanization rapidly spread across the Western world and, since the 1950s, it has begun to take hold in the developing world as
well. At the turn of the 20th century, just 15% of the world population lived in cities. According to the UN the year 2007 witnessed
the turning point when more than 50% of the world population were living in cities, for the first time in human history.
Causes and Effects of Urbanization in India
Urbanisation hasbecome a commonfeature of Indiansociety.Growthof Industrieshascontributedtothe growthof cities.Asa
resultof industrialisationpeople have startedmovingtowardsthe industrial areasinsearchof employment.Thishasresulted
inthe growth of townsand cities.
Urbanisationdenotesadiffusionof the influence of urban centers toa rural hinterland.
Urbanisationcanalso be definedasaprocessof concentrationof populationinaparticularterritory.
Accordingto Mitchell urbanisationisaprocessof becomingurban,movingtocities,changingfromagriculture tootherpursuits
commonto cities.
Causes of Urbanisation:
Major causes of urbanization: Following are the main causes of urbanization, Various reasons have led to the growth of cities.
They are as follows:
Industrial revolution:Industrial employmentcatchesthe attentionof peoplefromrural tourban areas.In the urbanareas,
people workinmodernsectorinthe occupationsthatassistnational economicdevelopment.Thisrepresentsthatthe old
agricultural economicsischangingtoa newnon-agriculturaleconomy.Thisisthe trend,whichwill builda newmodernsociety.
1. Emergence of large manufacturing centers.
2. Jobopportunities:There are ample jobopportunitiesinmegacitiestherefore village peopleorindividualsfromtown
frequentlymigratetothese areas.
3. Availabilityof transportation:Due toeasytransport,people prefertostayinbig cities.
4. Migration:Migrationismain cause forrapid growthof mega-cities.Migrationhasbeen goingonovercenturiesanditis
normal phenomenon.
5. Infrastructure facilitiesinthe urbanareas:Infrastructure hasvital role inthe processof urbanizationinthe
developmentof countries.Asagriculture becomesmore fruitful,citiesgrow byabsorbingworkforce fromrural areas.
Industryandservicesincrease andgenerate highervalue-addedjobs,andthisledtoeconomicgrowth.The geographic

3. concentrationof productive activitiesincitiescreatesagglomerationeconomies,whichfurtherraisesproductivityand
growth.The augmentsincome anddemandforagricultural productsincities.
6. Growth of private sector.
7. Migrationof rural people tourbanareas.
8. Employmentopportunitiesinurban centers.
9. Transport andcommunicationfacilities.
10. Educational facilities.
11. Increase inthe standardof living.
i. Industrialization:
Industrializationisamajorcause of urbanization.Ithasexpandedthe employmentopportunities.Rural peoplehave migrated
to citiesonaccount of betteremploymentopportunities.
ii.Social factors:
Many social factors suchas attraction of cities,betterstandardof living,bettereducational facilities,needforstatusalsoinduce
people tomigrate tocities.
iii.Employmentopportunities:
In rural sector people have todependmainlyonagriculture fortheirlivelihood.ButIndianagriculture isdependingon
monsoon.Indroughtsituationsornatural calamities,rural people have tomigrate tocities.
iv. Modernization:
Urban areas are characterizedbysophisticatedtechnologybetter infrastructure,communication,medical facilities,etc.People
feel thattheycan leada comfortable lifeincitiesandmigrate tocities.
v. Rural urban transformation:
It isan interestingaspectthatnotonlycitiesare growinginnumberbutrural communityisadoptingurbanculture,nolonger
rural communitiesare retainingtheirunique rural culture.Rural peopleare followingthe material culture of urbanpeople.
Urban rural transformationcanbe observedinthe followingareas.
vi. Economic opportunities:
It isgeneral perceptionthatlivingstandardof urbanarea issuperiorascomparedto village areas.People considerthatmore
jobopportunitiesandmore jobsare offeredinthe cityinsteadof rural area.Besides,the incomealsowillbe higher.
viii. Human Migration :
Human migration is different compared to the animal migration. It is the movement of people from one place to another to seek
permanent or semi-permanent residence. The movement usually happens across the political boundary. It could be a semi-
permanent movement, if you are a seasonal farm laborer. The movement can be voluntary and involuntary. Migration can be
intercontinental, intercontinental, interregional or rural to urban migration. In 2014, the United Nations reported highest level of
59.5 million forced migrations of people due to violence, conflict and persecution. These figures of human migration in 2013 were
51.2 million (noticeable increase of 8.3 million). A decade ago this figure was 37 million. As of 2015, one of every 122 humans is
a refugee seeking asylum or internally displaced.
Positive effects of urbanisation:
Witha highrate of urbanizationsignificantchangeshave takenplace.The effectof urbanisationcanbe summedupas follows:
i. Change in Dress habits.
ii. Adoption of modern Technology
iii. Enlightenment of women.
iv. Modern transport and communication. e.g. Cell phones have become common even among rural people.
v. Active involvement in politics.
vi. Growth of infrastructure like Banks, Post office.
vii. Awareness among rural consumers.
viii. Increasing demand for sophisticated products like cosmetics etc. Thus it can be noticed that there are significant
changes in the life style of village people. Indian villages have adopted urban culture and urban style of living.
However, all villages in India are not transformed. Only certain villages situated close to the cities have been
transformed.
ix. The literacy rate has increased among the rural people. They have become more modernised.
x. Spread of education

4. Negative Effects of Urbanisation:
Extensive urbanisationorindiscriminategrowthof citiesmayresultinadverse effects.Theymaybe as follows:
i. Problemof overpopulation:
Concentrationof populationisamajor problemof cities.Ithasresultedinaccommodationproblem,growthof sl umsetc.
ii.Disintegrationof Joint family:
Jointfamilycan’tbe maintainedincitiesonaccountof highcost of living:People prefertolive inthe nucleartype of families.
iii.Cost of living:
Highcost of livingisamajor problemof cities.InMetrocitieslike Mumbai,Bangalore etc.itisverydifficultforlowerincome
groupsto maintaina decentstandardof living.
iv. Increase in Crime rates:
Urban centersare knownforhighrate of crimes.Theft,Dacoity,Murder,Cheating,Pickpocketing,rape etc.are commonin
urban centers.
v. Impersonal relations:
Urban centersare characterisedbyhighlysecondaryrelations.The conceptof neighbourhood,communitylifeare almost
absentincities.Urbanlife ishighlymonotonous.Thismayhave anadverse psychological effectonindividuals.People are often
self-centeredandtheyhave noconcernfor the fellow humanbeings.
vi. Problemof Pollution:
In industrializedcitiespollutionisamajor problems.Itmaybe causedby industriesorbyexcessive movementof vehicles.
viii.Stress:
Urban life ischaracterisedbystresswhichmayevenstrainfamilyrelations.Incitiesemploymentof womenisalmostinevitable
to meetthe increasingcostof living.Changingrole of womeninthe familycreatesstressinthe familywhichmayresultin
divorce or strainedrelations.
ix. Economic effect:
In many developing countries where economies are growing, the growth is often erratic and based on a small number of industri es.For
young people in these countries barriers existsuch as,lack of access to financial services and businessadvisory services ,difficulty in
obtainingcreditto start a business,and lack of entrepreneurial skills,in order for them to access opportunities in these industries.
Investment in human capital so thatyoung people have access to quality education and infrastructureto enableaccess to educational
facilities isimperativeto overcoming economic barriers.
x. Environmental effects:
The existence of urban heat islands has become a growing concern over the years. An urban heat island is formed when
industrial and urban areas produce and retain heat. Much of the solar energy that reaches rural areas is consumed by
evaporation of water from vegetation and soil. In cities, where there is less vegetation and exposed soil, most of the sun's energy
is instead absorbed by buildings and asphalt; leading to higher surface temperatures. Vehicles, factories and industrial and
domestic heating and cooling units release even more heat. As a result, cities are often 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) warmer than
surrounding landscapes. Impacts also include reducing soil moisture and a reduction in reabsorption of carbon dioxide
emissions.
xi. Health and social effects:
In the developing world, urbanization does not translateinto a significantincreasein life expectancy. Rapid urbanization hasled to
increased mortality from non-communicable diseases associated with lifestyle,including cancer and heart disease. Differences in
mortality from contagious diseases vary depending on the particular disease and location.
Urban health levels are on average better in comparison to rural areas.However, residents in poor urban areas such as slums and informal
settlements suffer "disproportionately fromdisease,injury,prematuredeath, and the combination of ill -health and poverty entrenches
disadvantageover time." Many of the urban poor have difficulty accessinghealth services dueto their inability to pay for them; so they
resort to less qualified and unregulated providers.
xii. Overcrowding:
overcrowding is a situation in which large number of people lives in too little space. Overcrowding is a consistent result of over-
population in urban areas. It is obviously expected that cities are increasing their size due to massive movement of people from
undeveloped ar-eas but it squeezed in a small space due to overcrowding.
xiii. Unemployment:
The problem of joblessness is also serious as the problem of housing. Urban unemployment in India is estimated at 15 to 25 per
cent of the labour force. This percentage is even higher among the educated people. It is approximate that about half of all

5. knowledgeable urban unemployed youth are living in four metropolitan cities such as in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai.
Additionally, although urban incomes are higher than the rural incomes, they are awfully low because of high cost of living in
urban areas. Major causes of urban unemployment are the huge relocation of people from rural to urban areas.
xiv. Slums and Squatter Settlements:
The natural development of unchecked, unexpected and random growth of urban areas is the growth and spread of slums and
unlawful resident settlements which present a prominent feature in the environmental structure of Indian cities, particularly of
urban centers. The fast urbanisation in combination with industrialisation has resulted in the enlargement of slums. The explosion
of slums occurs due to many factors, such as, the lack of developed land for housing, the high prices of land beyond the reach of
urban poor, a large influx of rural migrants to the cities in search of jobs.
xv. Transportation problems:
Urbanization created severe problem of transpiration. Due to movement of people into metropolitan cities, the number of vehicles
on the road is increasing every year. Although various types of public transportation are provided in the cities but people in cities
still prefer to drive private vehicles. This is due to the ineffective public transportation. The public transportation facilities are
provided without referring to the need to integrate the different modes of transportation. Consequently it is difficult for t he user to
change the modes of transportation. Since the public transportation is not trustworthy, people usually travel from private vehicles
which led to the severe problem of blockage in the cities. If any traffic jam happens, public transportation, especially bus and taxi
and private vehicles are trapped together and cannot move.
xvi. Water:
Water is one of the most essential elements of nature to maintain life and right from the beginning of urban civilisation. However,
supply of water started falling short of demand as the cities grew in size and number.
xvii. Sewerage Problems:
Urban centers in India are almost consistently beset with inadequate sewage facilities. Resource crisis faced by the
municipalities and illicit growth of the cities are two major causes of this pitiable state of affairs. Most cities do not have proper
arrangements for treating the sewerage waste and it is drained into a nearly river or in sea as in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai
and these activities pollute the water bodies.
xviii. Trash Disposal:
Urbanization pushed Indian cities to grow in number and size and as a result people have to face the problem of trash disposal
which is in alarming stage. Enormous quantities of garbage produced by Indian cities cause a serious health problem. Most cit es
do not have proper arrangements for garbage disposal and the existing landfills are full to the edge. These landfills are breeding
grounds of disease and countless poisons leaking into their environs. Wastes putrefy in the open inviting disease carrying fl ies
and rats and a filthy, poisonous liquid, called leachate, which leaks out from below and contaminates ground water. People who
live near the decomposing garbage and raw sewage get victims to several diseases such as dysentery, malaria, plague,
jaundice, diarrhea, and typhoid.
xix. Health problem due to urbanization:
Factors affecting health in slums are Economic conditions, Social conditions, Living environment, Access and use of public health
care services, Hidden/Unlisted slums and Rapid mobility. Environmental problems can cause many other problems s uch as Poor
air quality that can produce asthma and allergies or contribute to physical inactivity, an impure water supply can cause the
spread of infectious diseases through the water supply or through food such as waterborne and food borne diseases, climates
changes can cause deaths from severe heat or cold , noise can cause sleep disturbances, and hence poor performance at work
and in school, Lead poisoning leading to developmental and behaviour problems, Second-hand smoke and exposure to
carcinogens can cause cancer.
xx. Urban Crimes:
In developed cities of India, people get connected with different types of individuals who do not have similarity with one another.
The problem of crimes increases with the increase in urbanisation. In fact, the increasing trend in urban crimes tends to upset
peace and tranquility of the cities and make them insecure to live in mainly for the women. The problem of urban crime is
becoming more complicated in current situation because criminals often get shelter from politicians, bureaucrats and leaders of
the urban society. urban crimes such as rape, murder, kidnapping, dacoity, robbery are more prominent in the northern-central
parts of the nation. Even the economic crimes such as theft, cheating, breach of trust are concentrated in the north- central
region. Poverty related crimes are prevalent in the cities of Patna, Darbhanga, Gaya and Munger. This may be due to poverty
existing in this area.
xxi. Unsuccessful urban governance:
The urban authority undergoes with multifaceted challenges to manage a city. The fast speed of urbanization is major challenges
that need every party to be more focused in undertaking each responsibility in urban development. However, the involvement of
several agencies and departments in urban management made it complicated to synchronize many actions and resultant, it
affects the efficiency of those actions. Besides this, the local authority also deals with the different goals and interests of
community groups which they need to fulfill. The local authority also needs to find solution for different social issues.

6. xxii. Degradation of environmental quality:
Due to urbanization, there is environmental degradation especially in the quality of water, air and noise. With the influx of more
people in cities, there is great demand of facilities such as housing. Some unlawful factories and even houses which have a poor
infrastructure, the waste from buildings are directly channelled to the nearest river or water resources which directly pollute the
water. The domestic waste, industrial effluents and other wastes that were dumped directly to the river, degrade the wat er
quality. Another after effects of rapid urbanization is the air pollution which has also increased due to emanation from motor
vehicles, industrial development and use of non-environmental friendly fuel sources. The noise pollution is produced from the
various human actions which also degrade the environment and ultimately affect the human health. The growth of population has
generated a very high quantity of solid waste and there is pressure to provide a waste disposal place in the urban areas. Air
pollution has dangerous consequences which emerge due to urbanization. Cities are the source of several dangerous gases,
particularly vehicles like passenger cars, Lorries, buses which generate carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur
dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (Nox), benzene, ozone in addition to fine particles released by diesel motors which create a serious
threat to human health.
Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de-merits. Urbanization can’t be avoided. But
the negative effect of urbanization can be minimised.
PROBLEMS OF HOUSING IN URBAN AREAS
Shelteristhe basichumanrequirement.Evenafter57 yearsof independence,the countryisstill grapplingwiththe growing
shelterproblem,especiallyof the poor.The problemhasfurtherbeen compoundedbythe rapidincrease inurbanpopulation.
Constantmigrationof rural populationtocitiesinsearchof jobsis causingunbearable strainonurbanhousingandbasic
services.
There isa severe housingshortage inthe urbanareaswithdemand – supplygapincreasingday-by-day.The National Building
Organization(NBO) hadestimatedthe 1991 urban housingshortage at8.23 million,andhadexpectedthe absolute shortageto
decline progressivelyto7.57 millionin1997 and 6.64 millionin2001.
In some small townsinIndia,the problemisnotthe lackof housingfacilitiesbutthe lackof adequate housingfacilities.Here,
there isa surplusof houseswhencomparedwithhouseholdsbutthese housesare unfittoreside.
The people whoare mostlikely tobecome homelessare those whohave leastresourcesasprovidinghousingisaprofit-
orientedindustry.Theycannotpurchase housesnorcantheyaffordhighrent,so theylive inunfitaccommodation,asthe ren ts
demandedforsuchan accommodationismuchlow.Some verypoorpeople prefertosquatratherthan evenrentan
accommodation,thusleadingtothe growthof slums.
Housing – Meaning, Role and Magnitude of Housing
Problem in India
Food,clothingandshelter(housing) are the primaryrequirementsof life. The availabilityof these necessitiesinsufficient
quantityandqualityincreasesthe physical efficiencyandproductivityof the people. Sohousingisanimportantcomponentof
humanresource development. InIndia,the problemof housingisacute.There isa wide gapbetweenthe demandandsupply
of houses.Thisgapisresponsibleforgrowthof slumsincitieswhere croresof people live inmostunhygienicandunhealthy
conditions.
Withpopulationexplosion,the problemof housinghasbecome more serious.Properhousingismustasitcatapultsthe
productivityof labouranditis alsoa basic humanright.
The Governmentpolicyof housinghasbeenmore orlesspassive throughoutthe 50 yearssince Independencebecauseof
resource constraint.
In 1960, National BuildingConstructionCorporation(NBCC)incorporatedasa PublicSectorUndertakingwassetup.In1969,
National Co-operativeHousingFederationof Indiawassetup.
In 1970, HUDCO wasset upas a fullyownedGovernmentCompanyIn1976; National Institute of UrbanAffairswassetup.In
1985, National Capital RegionPlanningBoardwasconstituted.In1996, National SlumDevelopmentProgramme (NSDP)
launched.In1997, the Union Cabinetapprovedthe SwarnaJayanti Shahari RojgarYojana.

7. A newHousingandHabitatPolicy1998 has beenapprovedandlaidbefore the Parliamenton29 July,1998. Its objective isto
create surplusesinhousingstockandfacilitate constructionof 2 millionadditional dwellingunitseachyearinpursuance of
National AgendaforGovernance.
Under the neweconomicreforms,there isascheme of Infrastructure Developmentinmegacitiesi.e.,Mumbai,Chennai,
Calcutta,HyderabadandBangalore inoperationfrom 1993-94.
The Urban Land (CeilingandRegulation) Actcame intoforce in1976 to provide equitable distributionof landinorderto
subserve the commongood.The Urban Land (C&R) Repeal Bill,1998 wasintroducedon11 June 1998.
In National HousingandHabital Policy1998, the governmentdecidedtorepeal the Actthroughan Ordinance andthe Urban
Land (CeilingandRegulation) Repeal Ordinance,1999 was accordinglynotifiedon11 January,1999.
AcceleratedUrbanWaterSupplyProgramme waslaunchedmidwayduringthe EighthPlanperiodinMarch 1994 toprovide
safe and adequate watersupplyfacilitiestothe entire populationof townshavingpopulationlessthan20,000 (asper1991
census) inthe country.
Meaning of Housing:
Generallyspeaking,housing maybe definedasanarchitectural unitforaccommodationinorder to protect the occupants from
the forcesof nature.Butin widermeaninghousingcoversall the ancillaryservicesandcommunityfacilitieswhich are essential
to humanwell being.Inadditiontothe physical structure,itincludeswatersupply,sanitation,anddisposal of water,recreation
and other basic amenities of life. Thus housing can be defined as a component architectural structure within a total system
consisting of various settlement variables.
Distinction between House and Home:
Literallyspeakinghouse andhome seemstobe same in sense and meaning but a distinction between the two is must. House
beingnarrowerterm,mayrepresentonlyanarchitectural structure foraccommodation.Home being wider term, includes the
family relationships and bonds of affection which are nurtured within this architectural structure.
Role of Housing:
Housingiscloselyassociatedtothe processof overall socio-economicdevelopment.Itprovidesshelterandraisesthe quality of
life. It generates conditions which are congenial to the achievement of social objectives such as health, sanitation and
education. It provides employment opportunities to the rural and urban people. Moreover it helps to improve urban rural
equalitybynarrowingdownthe difference inthe standardof living.Thushousing performs multiple functions including many
social needs of the household.
Socio-cultural Variables in Housing:
The socio-cultural factorsdecide the qualityandquantityof housinginIndia.The caste divideinIndianrural societymainly
affectsthe distributionof houses andthe qualityof housing.InIndianvillages,the divisiononcaste basishasgivenrise to
divisionof housing.
Generallyhousesof uppercastesare situatedinbetterareaswhilehousesof lowercastesespeciallyscheduledcastesand
some backwardclassesare situatedinperipheryof the village.Theseperipheral regionsare mostlylow lyingareasand
unhygienic. Kinshipandfamilystructure are othervariableswhichaffectthe qualityandquantityof housing.Forexample,
there isshiftfromjointfamilysystemtonuclearfamilies.Thistendencyputspressureonthe available landforhousing. In
PunjabandHaryana thispressure isvisible.InRajasthanwhere dispersedsettlementpatternexists,thispressuremaynotbe
feltsofar.
The householdsize isalsoimportantvariable of housingqualityandquantity.Urbanfamiliesare small incomparisontorural
area.The landis more costlyinurban areas.So urbanhousesare small insize as comparedto village houses.The occupational
patternand traditionalsoaffectthe housinglayout. Generally,housingstructure inrural areasuse locallyavailable building
material,technologyandmanpowerexceptwell todorural families.Inurbanareas,buildingmaterialsusedare of industrial
originanddurable.

8. Magnitude of the housing problem:
The magnitude of the problemof housinginIndiaisquite wide.The problemhasbothquantitative andqualitativedimensions.
Accordingto 1991 census,the housingshortage was18.5 milliondwellingunits,outof which13.7 millionforrural areasand 4.8
millionforurbanareas41.6 % waslivinginpucca houses, 30.9% was livinginsemi-puccahousesand27.5% waslivinginkutcha
(kachcha) houses.
The total housingshortage atthe endof tenthplanhas officiallybeenassessedas24.71 milliondwellingunitsfor67.4 mil lion
Households,where 98%of thisshortage was inthe Low Income and EconomicallyWeakerSections(EWS) segment.The
situationevenatthe endof 11th Plan,despite effortsenvisagedtobe implemented,isalsonotprojectedtoimprove,but
rather thisshortage isexpectedtoescalate to26.53 millionhousesfor75.01 millionhouseholds.
Qualitative aspect of Housing Problem:
Qualitativelyspeakingthe state of housinginIndiaismiserable.About80% housesinrural areasdo not have basicamenitie s
like safe drinkingwater,bathroom,toiletsetc. NinthFiveyearPlanhasrecordedthe interState variationinhousingshortage.
There isa large concentrationinafewStates.
For example, Biharaccountedforone thirdof the housingscarcityfollowedbyAndhraPradesh,Assam, U.P.andWestBengal.
In 2000, about 48.7 millionpeople were livinginurbanslumsinunhealthyconditions.AccordingtoNinthFive-YearPlan,18.77
millionhousesare kutchahouses.Theyare thatchedhousesmade of mud,straw and bamboos.These are unable toface
natural disasterlike cyclone andfloodsetc.
Quantitative aspect of Housing Problem:
Quantitativelyspeaking,there isacute shortage of housinginrural andurban areasin India.Presently,there isshortage of 310
lakhhousesinIndia.Outof which206 lakhhouses are inrural area and 104 lakhhousesinurban areas.
Housing problems:
It isanotherintense problem due to urbanization in India. Overcrowding leads to a constant problem of scarcity of houses in
urban areas. This problem is particularly more severe in those urban areas where there is large invasion of jobless or
underemployed immigrants who could not find place to live when they come in cities and towns from the nearby areas. The
major factors for housing problems are lack of building materials and financial resources, insufficient expansion of public
utilitiesintosub-urbanareas,povertyandunemploymentof urbanimmigrants,strongcaste andfamilyties and lack of enough
transportation to sub-urban areas where most of the available land for new construction is to be found.
Decline in quality of living for urban dwellers:
Urbanizationismajorconcernfor managementresearchersbecause itdecline in quality of living for urban inhabitants. As the
metropolisbecomesadevelopedcity,the landvalue will alsoincrease.The housingprovisionwillfocusmore to fulfill the needs
of the high-incomegroup.Assuch,there will be aprobleminthe provision of housing, especially for the middle and low class
people.The supplyof housing for the urban poor is still inadequate as the cost of these houses is very high to which low and
middle-income group cannot afford. The lack of housing provision for the low income group has led to the continuation of
unlawful residentsettlementsinthe city.These unlawfultenantsettlementswillcertainlylackinproperinfrastructure that will
bring about many hindrances to the urban environment and create social problems such as child education, crime, drugs,
delinquency and others. Besides housing problem for low income group, the process of urbanization has also increased the
demandoninfrastructure andutilitywhichcannotbe fulfilledfromthe existingfacilities.The maintenance of drains and de bris
collectionisincompetentwhichcanraise otherseriousproblemssuchasflashfloodsandpoorpublichealth.The reappearance
of flashfloodsisdue tothe drainage systembeingunable to contain surface water run-off that has greatly increased with the
higher intensity of urban activities.
Proper infrastructure and utilities:
In today'seconomydrivensociety,majorityof nationsinthe worldare focusingonthe developmentof majorcitiesasthe
centerof governmentandbusiness.Assuch,the citieswill be certainlyequippedwithabetterinfrastructureandutilitiessuch
as roads andtransportation,water,electricityandothers.Apartfromthat,the communicationandinternetcoveragealsoare
goodin the citieswhichare believedasone of the pullingfactorsof migration.

9. Availabilityofpublic facilities:
To make smart city,metropolitancitiesalsoofferedbetterpublicfacilitieswhichare notthere inrural areas. Since avarietyof
publicfacilitiessuchashealthandeducationare providedinthe cities,people have more choiceseithertouse publicor
private. Additionally,the provisionof leisure area,postal servicesaswell aspolice stationandothersare alsoprovidedtomeet
the needsof the urban community.Inurbanarea,a greatervarietyof entertainmentsuchasrestaurants,movie theatresand
theme parksattract more people tolive incities.
Not all the urban poor live in slums,but most do:
About1 billionpeople indevelopingcountrieslive inslums.
VARIOUS PROBLEMS REGARDING HOUSING
In India, while home-ownership remains a long-cherished dream for the potential Affordable Housing customer, he/she faces
several hurdles en route:
1. Connectivity – For Affordable Housing to be truly sustainable, it is important for both development and throughput to be
speedy and large scale. However, the lack of affordable and adequately sized land parcels in inner urban localities has driven
the development of Affordable Housing to urban peripheries. This is turn often poses a challenge to the Affordable Housing
customer, who requires efficient connectivity to areas of work in city business districts. The development of effective mass
rapid transit systems is the solution to facilitate easy commute and reduce travel time.
2. Financial literacy – Unable to produce formal pay slips and other relevant documentation to establish creditworthiness, EWS
and LIG categories often find it difficult to secure formal housing finance. Financial assistance and financial literacy training is
thus the need of the hour for the segment, and Non-Banking Financial Companies have stepped in to provide the needful
assistance to such customers in securing home loans.
3. Cost of ownership – Lack of affordable land, various forms of taxes and levies like VAT, Service Tax, Stamp Duty etc.
constitutes anywhere between 30% to 35% of the home cost, which increases the cost of home ownership. This is in addition
to the inefficiencies that is brought to a project by local development rules which are more attuned to premium housing.
Moreover, the lack of affordable land options within the city pushes the Affordable Housing corridors to the peri-urban areas
which, when coupled with the lack of mass rapid transit systems, makes it difficult for the Affordable Housing customer to take
the all-important decision of owning his/her first home. Positive intervention by respective state governments along with help
from the central government will go a long way in increasing supplies within the city limits till at such time as last mile public
infrastructure like mass rapid transit, water, electricity, sewage disposal facility, etc. is established in peri urban areas.
The recently announced Housing for All missions is a significant step in the right direction to transform the Affordable Hous ing
paradigm in India. Some of the initiatives like the redefining of EWS/LIG categories, interest subvention schemes and incentives
to private players are definitely great first steps taken in addressing the housing deficit challenge facing the nation today . For
example, the interest subvention scheme of 6.5% is expected to substantially reduce the cost of home ownership for end users
as the effective rate of interest can be as low as 3.5% to 4%, post accounting for the subvention up to a loan amount of firs t 6
Lakhs, which again has a scope to be relooked at for raising the limit of the loan size eligible for subvention. This can motivate
the real target segment to overcome their hesitation and take that crucial first step towards formal home ownership.
(i) Homelessness:
Homelessnessisacomplex problem;the circumstancesof homelesspeople varygreatly.Homelessnessissometimesaproduct
of shortage of houses,butinsome caseshomelessnessiscauseddue tootherreasonsalso.Fourmainissuesare foundtobe
the causesfor homelessness:
(ii) Shortagesof housing:
If there are not enoughplacesforpeople tolive,thensomeone hastogo withoutandthose whoare excludedare generallythe
poorestpeople.
(iii) Entitlementtoland:
People erecttemporarysheltersratherthanbe homeless.Squattersusuallybuildtemporarysheltersatfirst,butovertime
these settlementsare givenconcrete shape andbecome more established.
(iv) Entitlementto housing:
If people are notentitledtouse the houseswhichexist,theymaybe homeless,evenwhenthereisnoapparentshortage.Some
people are excludedbecauseof theircircumstances—streetchildrenare anexample.The mainreasonforexclusion,however,
isfinancial—homelesspeopleare those whocannotaffordthe housingwhichisavailable.
(v) Personal situationof homelesspeople:

10. Homelessnessisoftenattributedtothe characteristicsof the homelessperson,suchasalcoholismandpsychiatricillness;orto
the social situationof homeless people,suchasunemploymentandmarital breakdown(thisconditionmostlyhappenswith
womeninIndia).People inthese situationsonlybecomehomelessif theyare excludedfromhousing,ordonot have enough
resourcestosecure alternative housing.
(vi) Congestion:
Many householdsinurbanareashave tocope withincreasinglycrowdedconditions,althoughthisiscertainlynottrue for
everyone.The housingconditionsimprove whenpeople buildhighbuildings,sometimesmore thanfive storeys,toincreasethe
numberof houses.Manyurban centreshave veryhighpopulationdensities.The house ownerstherefore rentoutnumerous
roomsto migrants.Poormigrantsfive underthe mostcrowdedconditions.Theydonothave accessto ancestral residential
land.
Means to Overcome this Problem
In India,housingisessentiallyaprivate activity.The state intervenesonlytoprovide legalstatustothe land.The state
interventionisalsonecessarytomeetthe housingrequirementsof the vulnerablesectionsandto create a positive
environmentinachievingthe goal of ‘shelterforall’onself-sustainable basis.
In viewof the above aim,the governmentintroducedHousingandHabitatPolicyin1998, whichaimedatensuringthe basic
need‘Shelterforall’andbetter qualityof life toall citizensbyharnessingthe unusedpotentialsinthe public,privateand
householdsectors.The central theme of the policywascreatingstrongPublic/Privatepartnershipfortacklingthe housingand
habitatissues.
Under the newpolicy,governmentwouldprovidefiscal concessions,carryoutlegal andregulatoryreforms,inshort
governmentasa facilitatorwouldcreate the environmentinwhichaccesstoall the requisite inputswill be intune inadequate
quantumand of appropriate qualityandstandards.
The private sector,as the otherpartner,wouldbe encouragedtotake up the landfor housingconstructionandinvestin
infrastructure facilities.Cooperative sectorandPublicHousingAgenciesare alsobeingencouragedtoshare the responsibilityof
providinghousingfacilities.The governmenthasevenrepealedthe UrbanLandCeilingandRegulationAct(ULCRA),1976, to
facilitate landforhousingactivity.Upgradationandrenewal of oldanddilapidatedhousingisalsoencouraged.
Anothermajorproblemisthe lackof resourcesespeciallywithpeoplebelongingtothe middle class.Toovercome thisproblem,
housingfinance institutionssuchasNational HousingBank,asubsidiaryof the Reserve Bankof India,wasestablishedinJul y
1988.
The Housingand Urban DevelopmentCorporation(HUDCO) alsostartedfunctioningwiththe financial supportprovidedbythe
Governmentof India.HUDCO’sfocusison providinghousingfacilitiesforeconomicallyweakersections(EWS) andforlow
income group(LIG).Withthe adventof manyprivate banks,a numberof schemessuchas providingtax concessionsandlower
interestrateshave beenintroducedtopromote the housingsector.
PPP in Affordable Housing - A plethora of possibilities
The Affordable Housing stakeholder community is diverse and includes the Central Government, State Governments, real estate
and infrastructure developers, financial institutions, urban planners and, most importantly, urban dwellers. Backed by a strong
mandate of the Central Government, whose recent announcement to start building homes for the urban poor across 305 cities
and towns is expected to boost the economy, the Affordable Housing segment has the potential to offer a multitude of
opportunities to all stakeholders, provided there are concerted and aligned efforts in a common direction. In this context, the
private sector can play a significant role in bridging the current deficit of Affordable Housing. In an ideal PPP scenario, t he public
sector could look into aggregating land for projects, providing single-window and time bound clearances, redrafting the local
development byelaws to suit the requirements of Affordable Housing projects and re-evaluating the taxes and levies from the
perspective of reducing cost of home ownership for the target segment; private sector entities can leverage core competencies
such as Planning & Design, Project Development, Technology best practices, Project Financing, Human Resources, Sales and
Marketing.
The way forward – An enabling ecosystem
Increasing urbanization, a renewed focus on the sector by the Government and rising income & aspirations are all key demand
drivers in the Affordable Housing story. Against this backdrop, the aforementioned synergistic approach has the potential to
accelerate the momentum of ‘right time right place’ Affordable Housing development across India. An enabling ecosystem can
facilitate well-planned and Sustainable Urbanization that will adequately meet housing needs of the urban poor, while leveraging
the strengths of key stakeholder groups:
1. Timely, single-window clearances and time bound fast-tracked approvals. Self certification should be the rule of the game with
proper carrot and stick approach - Can help to significantly reduce project development costs.

11. 2. The development of Affordable Housing Zones, along with the promotion of innovative construction technology providers co-
located with the Affordable Housing projects and catering to project requirements, can be a win – win solution. This approach
can entail varied benefits, both from the perspective of individual project requirements via speeding up of supplies, and to the
technology provider who can achieve desired scale by catering to multiple projects within the zone. New-age construction
technology like Pre–Fab can help speed up the construction process, while ensuring uniform, high quality standards.
3. Optimal FSI – This helps reduce costs per unit and increases the economic viability of Affordable Housing. FSI can also serve
as a cashless subsidy, the benefits of which can then be passed on to end users/customers.
4. Reduction in stamp duty, exemption from sales tax, reduction/waiver in registration charges, VAT and service tax, etc. - All of
these typically increase the cost of ownership by 30%-35%.
5. Review local byelaws like setbacks, parking norms, etc. and fine-tune the same to meet the requirements of Affordable
Housing projects.
6. Reduction/exemption of taxes and duties on construction materials can significantly reduce construction-related costs.
7. Development of urban infrastructure – Affordable Housing (or any form of housing development, for that matter) cannot exist
in isolation. Parallel focus on urban infrastructure development (Metro, inter and intra-city highways, mono rail, etc.) is
imperative to make the Affordable Housing proposition a truly wholesome one.
It is a bit of a paradox that while a basic human necessity like housing is becoming increasingly expensive, luxury items suc h as
smartphones and electronic goods are more and more affordable. The neighborhood taxi driver may wield the latest mobile
technology, but home might still mean a compromised solution. Yet, the future holds infinite possibilities. All it needs for
Affordable Housing to become a widespread reality in India is a unified and sustainable approach by all stakeholders with one
common goal in mind – Quality Housing that is truly for All.
The government has also introduced some schemes to curb the housing problem. They are as
follows.
i. Subsidizedindustrial housingscheme:
Thisscheme wasstartedin September1952, to provide housestothe labourerswhoworkedbefore1948 and1952. The
Governmentof Indiagave loanstothe extentof 65 percent to variousindustries,state government,legal housingconstruction
societiesandcooperativesocietiestoconstructhousesforthe labourers.The labourerscouldpurchase thesehousesaccording
to the rulesframedbythe government.
But these housescouldnotbe soldor alienatedwithoutpriorpermissionof the government.Butthisscheme didnotsucceed
much because of the lackof cooperationof mill owners.Inthe thirdFive-Year-Plan,itwasmade obligatoryformill ownersto
provide housingfacilitiestotheirlabourers.Inthe fourthFive-Year-Plan,aprovisionof Rs.45 crore was made for thispurpose.
The fifthplanalsoincludedsimilarprovisions.Apartfromthe central government,state governmentshave alsoformedvarious
HousingBoardsand implementedsocietiesandvariousschemes.
ii.LIG housingschemes:
Thisscheme wasstartedin 1954. Personswhohave income lessthanRs.600 perannumcouldget a loanup to 80 percent.
Local and cooperative bodiesare givensuchloans.
iii.Slum clearance and improvementscheme:
Thisscheme wasstartedin the year1956 to give financial assistancetothe state governmentsandlocal bodiesforimproving
the slumareas.It was estimatedthenthatabout12 lakhhouseswere notfitfordwelling.Hence,the long-termandshort-term
schemeswere started.Butasit wasnot possible toprovide housestoall the people livinginslumareas,thisscheme couldnot
progresssatisfactorily.
iv. Middle-income grouphousingscheme:
Under thisscheme,the peopleof middle-income groupare givenloansforconstructingthe houses.The state governmentalso
givesloansonlowratesof interest.
vi. Rental housingschemes:
Thisscheme wasstartedin 1959 to provide housesonrenttothe state governmentemployees.
vi. Land acquisitionand developmentscheme:
The governmentfeltthatthe LIG and middle-income grouppeople couldconstructhousesif landwasmade availabletothem
on a reasonable price.Forthispurpose,aplanwassetup underwhichthe state governmentscouldacquire landandplotsat
suitable places,developthemandgive themawaytothe needypeople.
1. Large Brick Making Program: A large brick making program involving setting up of about 100 giant-size mechanized brick
making plants each producing 100,000 to 200,000 bricks per day in various parts of the country, approximately 4 such plants in
each state.
2. Low cost Cement Plants: The second program required is for cement making along with surkhi and lime are required for
conventional construction of buildings as well as new type of brick or block making Blocks like lime-concrete, Aerated concrete,

12. foam concrete are new concepts of brick making where clay is not available. Cement for low cost housing can be made in small
plants using VSK (Vertical Shaft Kilns).
3. Set up Large Size Float Glass Plants: Glass sheets can be made in existing or new glass plants to be set up specifically for
building and housing projects. Though there are automatic or semiautomatic glass plants in India both in container and tube and
bulb making sectors, the number of sheet and plate glass plants are only a few. All efforts to set up large size Float glass plants
have not yet been fully successful in India. More efforts should be made to either manufacture Float glass in India on a very large
scale or partly substitute it with imported glass sheets at a cheaper rate from China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and other South- East
Asian countries.
4. Modernization of Mud Houses: For rural and cheap housing several authorities should be set up modernizing mud housing
partly replacing with brick walls with roofs made of clay tiles, Asbestos and corrugated galvanized iron sheets.
Conclusion
Thus a huge and massive Housing program should be made by central Government along with all state Governments so that by
2050 all people can have some sort of housing and may not stay in dilapidated, thatched, straw made, bamboo made, made of
leaves & bamboos.
The people in slum areas and foot paths should also be brought under some sort of housing schemes so that India can as a
whole ensure that none of people is houseless in this country.
Remedy to fix issues of urbanization in India
India has rapidly increasingpopulation.Accordingto the estimates of New McKinsey Global Instituteresearch,cities of Indi a could produce
70 percent of net new jobs by 2030,may generate around 70 percent of Indian GDP,and drivea near fourfold increasein per capita incomes
across thecountry. If India upgrades its urban operatingmodel, it has the capacity to reap a demographic dividend from the increaseof
around 250 million expected in the next decade in the working-age inhabitants.
India's currentPrimeMinister Mr. Narendra Modi also cameforward to resolvethe issues related to urbanization.To manage c ity system
and fulfill thegreat demands of inhabitants dueto the rapid urbanization,specialists ha vestated that government must focus on two critical
factors which is solid wastemanagement and waste water treatment. But the Gujaratgovernment on its parthas taken up 50 towns in the
state and took initiatives like'Clean city,Green city' in partnership to execute solid wastemanagement and waste water treatment. In order
to decreasediscrimination,Mr.Modi stated that there is a need to concentrate on comprehensive growth and must recognize the most
backward areas in cities and towns and provide basic amenities in place.There is an urgent need to develop social mechanisms which will
assistto reduce inequality and make surethe basics likehealth,sanitation,education to reach those who have been underpri vileged of the
same. Mr. Modi has realized that most of the urban actions aretechnical butthe employees who do these jobs are often clerical level
therefore there must be focus on opening universities on urban planning,urban infrastructure,urban development for the assi stanceof
young people to learn how to meet the demands of urbanization.To lessen urban crime, Mr. Modi stresses that policestaff in urban areas
need a specific trainingto maintain demands of the lawand order situation.
Possible remedy for the urbanization issues and problems at global level
The most effectual waytoresolve issuesof urbanizationistomake the economyof village andsmall scale fullyviable.
Economiesmustbe revitalizedif governmentundertakeshuge rural developmentprogram.Itissuggestedthatsurplus
manpowermustbe absorbedinvillage inordertomigrate tourban areas.It isneededtocontrol trafficcongestioninurban
regionandpeople mustbe encouragedtouse publictransport.Indiamustimprove the trafficcontrol systemtoavoid
accidents.Itis necessarytoimplementresilientclean-upcampaign.Governmentmustmake policestoconstructlowcastmulti-
storiedflatsinorderto accommodate the slumdwellers.Governmentshouldprovide fundstoencourage entrepreneurshipand
alsofindsolutionforpollutioninthe nation.Reportsof WHOstatedthatthe healthcitiesproposal aimedtodevelopthe
physical,mental,environmental,andsocial welfareof peoplewholive andworkinurbancenters.Peoplefromdifferent
backgrounds,includingcommunitymemberstogovernmentrepresentatives,fromcitieswere organizedandencouragedto
come togetherandwork togetherinordertodeal withthe problemsthatemerge inurbanenvironments.Thisassociationof
people sharedstrategies,successstories,andresourcestotackle the concernsof the local society.WHOreportsindicatedthat,
"A healthycityisone that iscontinuallycreatingandimprovingthe physical andsocial environmentsandexpandingthe
communityresourcesthatenable peopletomutuallysupport eachotherinperformingall the functionsof lifeandin
developingtotheirmaximumpotential."
To summarize,Urbanizationisthe substantial expansionof urbanareasdue to rural migrationandit isstronglyrelatedto
modernization,industrialization, andthe sociological processof rationalization.Urbanizationcommonlyoccurredindeveloping
countriesbecause governmenthaskeennesstoaccomplishadevelopedcitystatus.Asaresult,almostall areain the cityhas
beendevelopedandinthe worstcase scenario,eventhe greenareasare alsoturnedintoindustrial orbusinessarea.It
illustratesthatspeedyurbanizationhasmanyunconstructive implicationsespeciallytowardssocial andenvironmental aspects.
While the processof urbanizationoccursat global scale,itismore visible indevelopingcountries.Thisgrowthhasledto
concernsaboutthe sustainabilityof theseurbancenters.Explosive growthinthe worldpopulationandmigrationof peopleto
inurban centersiscausingmajorconcern aboutthe qualityof life inthese urbancentersandthe life-supportingcapacityof the
planetecologicallyandcommunally.

13. The governmentshouldnotbe keentodevelopacitywithoutconsideringthe impactstowardsthe social andenvironmental
aspect.Instead, the governmentshouldmodifythe urbandevelopmentprocessinordertoaccomplishadevelopedcityand
make effortstolessenthe possibilityof problemsthatmightarise.Inordertotriumphoverurbanizationissuesandproblems,
Khosh-Chashm(1995) recommendedthatthe societyshouldworktogethercloselywiththe authoritiestoassistinmodernizing
life inurbanarea.The changeoverfromarural to urban wealthisveryrapidinhistorical termsformosteconomicsystems. The
task to fulfill all the demandsforjobs,shelter,water,roads,transportandotherurbaninfrastructure isoverwhelming.
Presently,Indiaalreadyhasnumerousmegacities.Manyresearchersbelieve thaturbanizationisgoodforthe financial growth
of countrybut careful planningis requiredtodevelopcitiesandofferbasicamenitiesforhealthyliving.
Conclusion
The governmenthasnowstartedfocusingonprovidinghousingfacilitiesbuthasnotthoughtmuch aboutsolvingproblemsthat
are connectedwithhumansettlements,suchas the problemsof improvingandmanagingthe civicservices,constructing
inexpensive housesandconservingenergyandrecyclingwaste.Lackof properwatersupplyandsanitationfacilitiesfor
drainage systemandgarbage disposal are majorproblemsinmost of the modernurban centers of today.