IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Soil Fertility Monitoring For Sustainable Crop Production1Ppravin Yadav
The document discusses two minor projects related to soil salinity and fertility.
1) The first project aims to study the effect of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria on soil salinity. It is hypothesized that the bacteria will produce acid and lower pH to reclaim saline soil. A pot experiment will test various treatments on wheat growth and yield.
2) The second project will assess soil fertility under intensive cropping. It will study the effect of integrated nutrient management practices on soil and crop properties. A field experiment compares treatments on ladyfinger, french peas and maize. The goal is to maintain long-term soil productivity and quality.
Soil health deterioration: cause and remediesSharad Sharma
This document discusses deteriorating soil health and potential remedies. It outlines several causes of deteriorating soil health, including intensive farming practices that deplete nutrients, imbalanced fertilizer use, pesticide and herbicide use, deforestation, and acid rain. Potential remedies discussed include integrated nutrient management combining organic and inorganic fertilizers, conservation agriculture practices like mulching and reduced tillage, and site-specific nutrient management. Examples are given showing how these remedies can improve soil properties like organic carbon and water retention capacity, as well as increase crop yields.
This document discusses optimal nitrogen rates for corn production. It summarizes research from over 40 trials conducted over 3 years that found optimal nitrogen rates averaged slightly less than 1 pound per bushel of corn, with a range of almost none to 1.2 pounds per bushel. The research also found relatively high corn yields without any supplemental nitrogen application. The highest optimal nitrogen rates were typically associated with the lowest yielding environments. The document explores where corn obtains its nitrogen from and what happens to fertilizer nitrogen after application. It discusses factors that influence optimal nitrogen rates between sites.
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
1) Conservation agriculture (CA) is a sustainable agricultural system based on three principles: minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations.
2) CA creates favorable conditions for soil biota and ecological processes which improve soil structure and nutrient cycling, increasing water infiltration and retention.
3) Benefits of CA include increased and stable yields, reduced production costs, improved drought resilience, and rehabilitation of degraded lands through building of soil organic matter and ecosystem services.
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
Soil Fertility Monitoring For Sustainable Crop Production1Ppravin Yadav
The document discusses two minor projects related to soil salinity and fertility.
1) The first project aims to study the effect of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria on soil salinity. It is hypothesized that the bacteria will produce acid and lower pH to reclaim saline soil. A pot experiment will test various treatments on wheat growth and yield.
2) The second project will assess soil fertility under intensive cropping. It will study the effect of integrated nutrient management practices on soil and crop properties. A field experiment compares treatments on ladyfinger, french peas and maize. The goal is to maintain long-term soil productivity and quality.
Soil health deterioration: cause and remediesSharad Sharma
This document discusses deteriorating soil health and potential remedies. It outlines several causes of deteriorating soil health, including intensive farming practices that deplete nutrients, imbalanced fertilizer use, pesticide and herbicide use, deforestation, and acid rain. Potential remedies discussed include integrated nutrient management combining organic and inorganic fertilizers, conservation agriculture practices like mulching and reduced tillage, and site-specific nutrient management. Examples are given showing how these remedies can improve soil properties like organic carbon and water retention capacity, as well as increase crop yields.
This document discusses optimal nitrogen rates for corn production. It summarizes research from over 40 trials conducted over 3 years that found optimal nitrogen rates averaged slightly less than 1 pound per bushel of corn, with a range of almost none to 1.2 pounds per bushel. The research also found relatively high corn yields without any supplemental nitrogen application. The highest optimal nitrogen rates were typically associated with the lowest yielding environments. The document explores where corn obtains its nitrogen from and what happens to fertilizer nitrogen after application. It discusses factors that influence optimal nitrogen rates between sites.
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
1) Conservation agriculture (CA) is a sustainable agricultural system based on three principles: minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations.
2) CA creates favorable conditions for soil biota and ecological processes which improve soil structure and nutrient cycling, increasing water infiltration and retention.
3) Benefits of CA include increased and stable yields, reduced production costs, improved drought resilience, and rehabilitation of degraded lands through building of soil organic matter and ecosystem services.
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
1) Soil degradation refers to processes that reduce a soil's ability to produce goods and services for current and future generations. It occurs when inappropriate land use practices are adopted, such as deforestation, overgrazing, or unsustainable agricultural practices.
2) Agricultural activities can cause physical, chemical, and biological degradation through practices like excessive tillage, improper fertilizer and pesticide use, lack of crop rotations, and burning of crop residues. This leads to reduced soil organic matter, compaction, erosion, salinization, and loss of biodiversity.
3) The consequences of soil degradation include substantial reductions in agricultural productivity, yields, and farmers' livelihoods, as well as negative downstream impacts
This document discusses soil quality and its assessment. It defines soil quality as the capacity of soil to function and sustain productivity while maintaining environmental and human health. Soil quality has two aspects: inherent quality based on geological factors, and dynamic quality that can change over time based on human activities. Key parameters of soil quality include organic matter, nutrients, texture, structure, density, porosity, temperature, cation exchange capacity, and pH. Major threats to soil quality are nutrient imbalances, tillage practices, pesticide/fertilizer misuse, lack of organic matter, and natural/human disasters. Proper management through organic matter addition, reduced tillage, integrated pest/nutrient management, and addressing problem soils can help maintain soil
Soil health for sustainable production intensification some perspectivesSri Lmb
Prof Amir Kassam provided insights on soil health and related it to the sustainable production at Regional Review and Planning Workshop 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
This document discusses soil quality and sustainable agriculture. It defines soil quality as a soil's ability to function for its intended use. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human needs while enhancing the environment and natural resources. Maintaining soil quality through practices like reduced tillage, crop rotations, and organic matter additions is important for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Future research priorities include developing soil quality indexes, identifying biological indicators, and understanding how management practices impact soil quality indicators and agricultural sustainability.
SOIL HEALTH PARADIGM IMPLICATION FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT UAHS shivmogga
This document discusses soil health paradigms and their implications for disease management. It defines soil health as the capacity of soil to function as a living system that sustains plants and promotes human and animal health. Factors that influence soil health include soil moisture, temperature, pH, organic matter, nutrients, and beneficial microorganisms. Management practices that enhance soil health are also discussed, such as organic amendments, crop rotation, cover crops, conservation tillage, and nutrient management. Case studies demonstrate how these practices can suppress various soilborne and foliar plant diseases. The conclusion emphasizes that improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties through these management strategies can provide sustainable disease suppression.
Soil Health and Environmental Management for Sustainable Agricultural Product...ICARDA
This document discusses soil health and sustainable agricultural systems. It provides background on historical climate changes and the development of agriculture. Population growth and increasing demands on agricultural resources are discussed. Challenges facing agriculture like soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and water scarcity are summarized. The importance of soil organic carbon, crop residues, and no-till practices for soil quality and resilience are highlighted. Sustainable intensification through practices like integrated nutrient management and use of pulse crops are presented as ways to meet future food demand while protecting soils and the environment.
Global Soil Partnership’s vision - a sustainable and productive use of the soil resources of the world and sustainable agricultural production is the core message of the presentation.
It addresses the key role of soil resources for sustainable land management and sustainable development, soil a finite resource, the impact of human activity on soil, critical soil issues in relation to food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, soil productivity, soil degradation – status and trends, current and future challenges, future food demand, population growth, water scarcity and outlooks.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Three biowastes - swine manure, vinasse, and composted biosolids - were applied to a sodic soil at different doses to measure their effect on the soil's productivity potential (SPP) indicator over time. The SPP takes into account biological, physical, and chemical soil properties using fuzzy logic modeling. Application of the biowastes generally increased the SPP compared to the control, with swine manure most increasing it in the short term and composted biosolids most in the long term. The biowastes also reduced exchangeable sodium percentage and electric conductivity. While total porosity did not significantly change, CO2 production increased in all treatments versus the control, where SPP
Soil quality is considered as the capacity of a soil to function. Two types - Inherent & Dynamic Qualities. Assessment of soil quality. Selevtioof parameter. Physical Chemical and Biological parameters
This document discusses wastelands in India. It states that 24% of India's total land area is classified as wasteland. Wastelands are degraded lands that can be rehabilitated through reasonable efforts. They are caused by overuse of land through practices like overcultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, and improper irrigation. Degradation leads to issues like soil erosion. Wastelands are categorized based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable through practices like reducing salt content, reclaimable with some difficulty using agroforestry, and reclaimable with extreme difficulty through activities like forestry or ecosystem recreation. Various methods of reclamation are discussed, including afforestation, re
Rehabilitation of Salt-Affected Soil Through Residues Incorporation and Its I...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
A two year field study was conducted on a permanent layout to investigate the effect of crop residues (CR) incorporation and P application (0, 40, 80, 120kg P2O5 ha-1) on rehabilitation of saline soil (ECe=4.59 dS m-1; pH=8.38; CaCO3=3.21%; Extractable P=4.07mg kg-1; sandy clay loam) during 2011-12. The experiment was laid out according to split plot design with three replications. Planting of direct seeded rice (DSR) with and without crop residue incorporation @2ton ha-1 were placed in main plots and P application was in sub plots. Data on productive tillers, panicle length, paddy/grain and straw yields was collected. Soil was sampled (0-15cm) before initiation and after the harvest of last crop. On an average of two years, maximum productive tillers (18), panicle length (33), paddy yield (3.26t ha-1) and was produced with P application @ 80kg P2O5 ha-1 along with CR incorporation. Similarly in case of wheat grown after DSR, maximum tillers (17), spike length (17), grain panicle-1 (66) and grain yield (3.56t ha-1) were produced with P application @80kg P2O5 ha-1 along with CR incorporation. Although, the growth and yield contributing parameters with this treatment (80kg P2O5 ha-1+CR) performed statistically equal to 120kg P2O5 ha-1 without CR incorporation during both the years, but on an average of two years, grain yield of DSR and wheat was significantly superior (22 and 24% respectively) than that of higher P rate (120kg ha-1) without CR. Overall, continuous two year CR incorporation further increased (17%) paddy yields during the follow up year of crop harvest. Higher concentration of P, K and Ca2+ in both DSR and wheat plant tissues was found where 80kg P2O5 ha-1 was applied along with CR incorporation or 120kg P2O5 ha-1 alone while Na+ and Mg2+ concentration decreased with CR incorporation and increasing P rate. The soil salinity was decreased and fertility was improved significantly after two years of study.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000582.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on journal of agronomy and crop science please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Soil Degradation in India: Challenges and Potential SolutionsLokesh Kumar
This document discusses soil degradation in India. It provides an overview of the extent and types of soil degradation affecting 147 million hectares of land in India. The major drivers of soil degradation are identified as overgrazing, deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, overexploitation of land, and certain agricultural activities such as low fertilization, crop residue burning, excessive tillage, poor irrigation practices, and improper crop rotations. Case studies on the costs of soil erosion and management strategies to mitigate degradation are also summarized.
This document discusses soil quality, including its definition, importance, assessment tools, and indicators. Soil quality refers to a soil's ability to function within its ecosystem boundaries to support plant and animal productivity. It is assessed using measurable indicators that reflect the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and functions. Maintaining and improving soil quality is important for sustaining agricultural productivity, environmental health, and future land use.
This document summarizes research on managing the flow through denitrifying wood chip bioreactors to maximize nitrate removal and minimize carbon usage. It finds that bioreactors managed for both high and low hydraulic retention times can effectively remove nitrate, with nitrate load reductions ranging from 6-54%. However, there was no significant difference in the amount of carbon used for denitrification between high and low retention time bioreactors. The research concludes that while flow management is important, large flow events have a bigger impact on bioreactor performance than precise management, and it can be difficult to control flow given variability in tile drainage systems.
This document discusses soil amendment products for tree crops from Nutrifert. It provides information on four products - Ozcal, OzcalMag, Ozgyp, and Humisol. Ozcal, OzcalMag and Ozgyp are ultra-fine granular lime, dolomite and gypsum products that can be applied as straight applications or blended with fertilizers. They address issues like acidity, calcium, magnesium, sodicity and soil structure. Humisol is a soluble humate product available in granule or powder form that improves soil organic matter. The document also provides details on the composition, appearance, application rates and other specifications of each product.
1) Soil degradation refers to processes that reduce a soil's ability to produce goods and services for current and future generations. It occurs when inappropriate land use practices are adopted, such as deforestation, overgrazing, or unsustainable agricultural practices.
2) Agricultural activities can cause physical, chemical, and biological degradation through practices like excessive tillage, improper fertilizer and pesticide use, lack of crop rotations, and burning of crop residues. This leads to reduced soil organic matter, compaction, erosion, salinization, and loss of biodiversity.
3) The consequences of soil degradation include substantial reductions in agricultural productivity, yields, and farmers' livelihoods, as well as negative downstream impacts
This document discusses soil quality and its assessment. It defines soil quality as the capacity of soil to function and sustain productivity while maintaining environmental and human health. Soil quality has two aspects: inherent quality based on geological factors, and dynamic quality that can change over time based on human activities. Key parameters of soil quality include organic matter, nutrients, texture, structure, density, porosity, temperature, cation exchange capacity, and pH. Major threats to soil quality are nutrient imbalances, tillage practices, pesticide/fertilizer misuse, lack of organic matter, and natural/human disasters. Proper management through organic matter addition, reduced tillage, integrated pest/nutrient management, and addressing problem soils can help maintain soil
Soil health for sustainable production intensification some perspectivesSri Lmb
Prof Amir Kassam provided insights on soil health and related it to the sustainable production at Regional Review and Planning Workshop 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
This document discusses soil quality and sustainable agriculture. It defines soil quality as a soil's ability to function for its intended use. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human needs while enhancing the environment and natural resources. Maintaining soil quality through practices like reduced tillage, crop rotations, and organic matter additions is important for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Future research priorities include developing soil quality indexes, identifying biological indicators, and understanding how management practices impact soil quality indicators and agricultural sustainability.
SOIL HEALTH PARADIGM IMPLICATION FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT UAHS shivmogga
This document discusses soil health paradigms and their implications for disease management. It defines soil health as the capacity of soil to function as a living system that sustains plants and promotes human and animal health. Factors that influence soil health include soil moisture, temperature, pH, organic matter, nutrients, and beneficial microorganisms. Management practices that enhance soil health are also discussed, such as organic amendments, crop rotation, cover crops, conservation tillage, and nutrient management. Case studies demonstrate how these practices can suppress various soilborne and foliar plant diseases. The conclusion emphasizes that improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties through these management strategies can provide sustainable disease suppression.
Soil Health and Environmental Management for Sustainable Agricultural Product...ICARDA
This document discusses soil health and sustainable agricultural systems. It provides background on historical climate changes and the development of agriculture. Population growth and increasing demands on agricultural resources are discussed. Challenges facing agriculture like soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and water scarcity are summarized. The importance of soil organic carbon, crop residues, and no-till practices for soil quality and resilience are highlighted. Sustainable intensification through practices like integrated nutrient management and use of pulse crops are presented as ways to meet future food demand while protecting soils and the environment.
Global Soil Partnership’s vision - a sustainable and productive use of the soil resources of the world and sustainable agricultural production is the core message of the presentation.
It addresses the key role of soil resources for sustainable land management and sustainable development, soil a finite resource, the impact of human activity on soil, critical soil issues in relation to food security and climate change adaptation and mitigation, soil productivity, soil degradation – status and trends, current and future challenges, future food demand, population growth, water scarcity and outlooks.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Three biowastes - swine manure, vinasse, and composted biosolids - were applied to a sodic soil at different doses to measure their effect on the soil's productivity potential (SPP) indicator over time. The SPP takes into account biological, physical, and chemical soil properties using fuzzy logic modeling. Application of the biowastes generally increased the SPP compared to the control, with swine manure most increasing it in the short term and composted biosolids most in the long term. The biowastes also reduced exchangeable sodium percentage and electric conductivity. While total porosity did not significantly change, CO2 production increased in all treatments versus the control, where SPP
Soil quality is considered as the capacity of a soil to function. Two types - Inherent & Dynamic Qualities. Assessment of soil quality. Selevtioof parameter. Physical Chemical and Biological parameters
This document discusses wastelands in India. It states that 24% of India's total land area is classified as wasteland. Wastelands are degraded lands that can be rehabilitated through reasonable efforts. They are caused by overuse of land through practices like overcultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, and improper irrigation. Degradation leads to issues like soil erosion. Wastelands are categorized based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable through practices like reducing salt content, reclaimable with some difficulty using agroforestry, and reclaimable with extreme difficulty through activities like forestry or ecosystem recreation. Various methods of reclamation are discussed, including afforestation, re
Rehabilitation of Salt-Affected Soil Through Residues Incorporation and Its I...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
A two year field study was conducted on a permanent layout to investigate the effect of crop residues (CR) incorporation and P application (0, 40, 80, 120kg P2O5 ha-1) on rehabilitation of saline soil (ECe=4.59 dS m-1; pH=8.38; CaCO3=3.21%; Extractable P=4.07mg kg-1; sandy clay loam) during 2011-12. The experiment was laid out according to split plot design with three replications. Planting of direct seeded rice (DSR) with and without crop residue incorporation @2ton ha-1 were placed in main plots and P application was in sub plots. Data on productive tillers, panicle length, paddy/grain and straw yields was collected. Soil was sampled (0-15cm) before initiation and after the harvest of last crop. On an average of two years, maximum productive tillers (18), panicle length (33), paddy yield (3.26t ha-1) and was produced with P application @ 80kg P2O5 ha-1 along with CR incorporation. Similarly in case of wheat grown after DSR, maximum tillers (17), spike length (17), grain panicle-1 (66) and grain yield (3.56t ha-1) were produced with P application @80kg P2O5 ha-1 along with CR incorporation. Although, the growth and yield contributing parameters with this treatment (80kg P2O5 ha-1+CR) performed statistically equal to 120kg P2O5 ha-1 without CR incorporation during both the years, but on an average of two years, grain yield of DSR and wheat was significantly superior (22 and 24% respectively) than that of higher P rate (120kg ha-1) without CR. Overall, continuous two year CR incorporation further increased (17%) paddy yields during the follow up year of crop harvest. Higher concentration of P, K and Ca2+ in both DSR and wheat plant tissues was found where 80kg P2O5 ha-1 was applied along with CR incorporation or 120kg P2O5 ha-1 alone while Na+ and Mg2+ concentration decreased with CR incorporation and increasing P rate. The soil salinity was decreased and fertility was improved significantly after two years of study.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000582.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on journal of agronomy and crop science please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Soil Degradation in India: Challenges and Potential SolutionsLokesh Kumar
This document discusses soil degradation in India. It provides an overview of the extent and types of soil degradation affecting 147 million hectares of land in India. The major drivers of soil degradation are identified as overgrazing, deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, overexploitation of land, and certain agricultural activities such as low fertilization, crop residue burning, excessive tillage, poor irrigation practices, and improper crop rotations. Case studies on the costs of soil erosion and management strategies to mitigate degradation are also summarized.
This document discusses soil quality, including its definition, importance, assessment tools, and indicators. Soil quality refers to a soil's ability to function within its ecosystem boundaries to support plant and animal productivity. It is assessed using measurable indicators that reflect the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and functions. Maintaining and improving soil quality is important for sustaining agricultural productivity, environmental health, and future land use.
This document summarizes research on managing the flow through denitrifying wood chip bioreactors to maximize nitrate removal and minimize carbon usage. It finds that bioreactors managed for both high and low hydraulic retention times can effectively remove nitrate, with nitrate load reductions ranging from 6-54%. However, there was no significant difference in the amount of carbon used for denitrification between high and low retention time bioreactors. The research concludes that while flow management is important, large flow events have a bigger impact on bioreactor performance than precise management, and it can be difficult to control flow given variability in tile drainage systems.
This document discusses soil amendment products for tree crops from Nutrifert. It provides information on four products - Ozcal, OzcalMag, Ozgyp, and Humisol. Ozcal, OzcalMag and Ozgyp are ultra-fine granular lime, dolomite and gypsum products that can be applied as straight applications or blended with fertilizers. They address issues like acidity, calcium, magnesium, sodicity and soil structure. Humisol is a soluble humate product available in granule or powder form that improves soil organic matter. The document also provides details on the composition, appearance, application rates and other specifications of each product.
Gypsum is a soft mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate that has a long history of use as a soil amendment in agriculture. It was used historically to preserve manure nitrogen and stimulate crop growth. Gypsum application can improve soil health by ameliorating aluminum toxicity, increasing infiltration, and providing sulfur and calcium to crops. Research has shown gypsum reduces phosphorus in runoff and tile drainage, improving water quality in watersheds impacted by agricultural phosphorus. Summaries of multiple studies found gypsum improved crop yields while reducing soil erosion and phosphorus movement from fields.
This document discusses options to address nutrient pollution from agricultural drainage. It finds that more information is needed on conservation practices, drainage locations, and nutrient loads. Tools are needed to assess nutrient pathways and reductions from best management practices. Pilot programs with monitoring should measure watershed-scale reductions. At least one structural practice should be installed per drainage outlet. Financial and technical support can encourage practices like cover crops and wetlands. Certification may boost education and investment in conservation. Policy should set nutrient goals and standards at watershed scales, with flexibility for smaller watershed approaches.
What to Bring When You Are Driving The Pacific HighwayJan Gleisner
If you’ve never heard of the Pacific Coast Highway, it’s time that you get acclimated. It has been noted as one of the most scenic drives in the world, and for good reason. Just shy of 150 miles long, the Pacific Coast Highway takes you on an exhilarating, twisting, cliff-hugging drive with the Pacific Ocean right at your side. If you’re planning on taking this excursion, there are a few things you should bring along to guarantee you’ll have the most profound experience.
Biochar and its importance in sustaining crop productivity & soil healthAbhinav Vivek
The document discusses biochar, a charcoal-like substance produced from biomass that can be used as a soil amendment. It defines biochar as a carbon-rich product resulting from pyrolysis of plant biomass at low oxygen levels. Common feedstocks include wood waste, crop residues, and manure. The document outlines biochar's characteristics, production methods, impacts on soil properties like cation exchange capacity and moisture retention, and factors influencing its benefits. In conclusion, biochar can improve soil quality, sequester carbon, reduce fertilizer needs and emissions, and help manage overall soil health.
Land drainage systems are necessary to remove excess water from agricultural lands and make them suitable for crop growth. There are several types of drainage systems, including open/surface drainage ditches, buried pipe drainage systems, vertical wells/pits, and mole drains formed by pulling a solid object through soil. Proper drainage is important for reclaiming waterlogged soils, improving soil structure, providing aeration, and allowing farm operations. Drainage systems must be designed based on soil type, rainfall, water table depth, and other local conditions.
1. The document summarizes various topics relating to microbial cycling of elements like sulfur and iron. It discusses the sulfur cycle, dissimilatory and assimilatory sulfate reduction, and oxidation of sulfide and sulfur. It also discusses the iron cycle, bacterial iron reduction and oxidation, and how these processes are impacted by bacteria.
2. The document then discusses nutrient-limited growth and how microbial growth is affected when nutrients become limited. It introduces the chemostat as a tool to study nutrient-limited growth and determine kinetics. It also discusses kinetic adaptations that allow microbes to grow at lower nutrient concentrations.
3. The document finishes by discussing how microbes can grow on mixed substrates or utilize multiple carbon and energy sources
This document discusses soil salinity in India. It begins by defining soil and its components. It then explains that saline soils are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation. In India, about 7 million hectares of land have reduced crop yields due to soil salinity. The document categorizes the different types of saline soils found in India based on their characteristics such as saline soil, saline-alkali soil, and saline-sodic soil. It concludes by noting that excess soil salinity can greatly impact plant growth and crop production.
Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements to build cellular components like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are classified based on their nutrient requirements - autotrophs can use inorganic compounds while heterotrophs require organic compounds. Growth depends on adequate nutrients, pH, oxygen, and temperature. Culture media are used to grow bacteria in the lab and include base, enriched, selective, and differential media. Environmental factors like oxidation-reduction potential, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and pH also influence bacterial growth.
Agricultural microbiology deals with plant-associated microbes and soil fertility. Microbes play an important role in biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. They decompose organic matter and release nutrients. Biofertilizers like nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi supplement chemical fertilizers. Biopesticides using bacteria like B. thuringiensis, fungi, and viruses control agricultural pests. Microbes also produce phosphorus-solubilizing enzymes and control nematodes, benefiting agricultural productivity.
Irrigation methods are classified into four main types: surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation includes gravity-fed methods like flood, basin, border, and furrow irrigation. Water is applied to the soil surface and distributed by gravity. Subsurface irrigation involves applying water below the soil surface using trenches or perforated pipes. Sprinkler irrigation simulates natural rainfall by spraying water into the air through nozzles above the crop. Drip irrigation applies water slowly to the soil surface near plants through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
Ppt on microbial nutrition. what are different nutrient required by microorganism, with a special focus on yeast for those who are dealing with alcoholic fermentation. nutritional classification of microorganism also given
This document summarizes a study that assessed soil fertility constraints in three villages in the Sundarbans region of India using spatial nutrient mapping. Soil samples were collected from the villages and analyzed for various properties. GPS and GIS were used to generate maps showing the spatial distribution of soil pH, salinity, organic carbon, and nutrient levels. The maps revealed that soils were generally clayey, acidic to neutral in pH, with marginal salinity in some areas. Nutrient levels varied by village and nutrient, with nitrogen and zinc levels being low on average while potassium and micronutrients were more sufficient. Spatial patterns in soil properties and nutrients were analyzed to identify fertility constraints and guide soil management strategies for the region.
Influence of diluted seawater irrigation on the Physiological and biochemical...Premier Publishers
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different dilutions of seawater irrigation on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of two common Egyptian turfgrasses: Seashore paspalum and Bermudagrass. The study found that low percentages of seawater dilution (10-30%) generally produced better results for most measured characteristics compared to higher dilutions or the control. Irrigation with 10-30% diluted seawater led to increased shoot growth, leaf area, plant succulence, and turf quality ratings, while decreasing leaf firing. Higher dilutions caused larger decreases in growth.
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
This document summarizes the global impact of salinity on agricultural ecosystems. Key points include:
- Approximately 20-50% of irrigated agricultural lands worldwide are affected by salinity, costing an estimated $12 billion annually. This problem is expected to increase over time as soils become more degraded.
- Total irrigated agricultural land has leveled off at around 230 million hectares since 1990, while world population continues to rise rapidly. Increased food production will need to come from higher yields rather than expanding agricultural land.
- Salinity affects agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation is needed but drainage is poor. It leads to a decline in the productivity and sustainability of agriculture.
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Effects of integrated water and nutrient management technologies on crop and ...Joanna Hicks
1. The study evaluated the effects of different soil and water conservation techniques combined with organic and inorganic fertility management on soil moisture storage, plant growth, and crop yields for smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe.
2. Post-planting tied ridging significantly increased soil moisture storage compared to conventional tillage. Conservation farming basins and rip-and-pot holing performed similarly in storing soil moisture.
3. Combining post-planting tied ridging with organic and inorganic fertilizers led to higher maize and soybean yields compared to other treatments in both the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 growing seasons.
Reuse of wastewater from phosphate fertilizer factories can combat soil alkal...Innspub Net
In the current study, gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) plants were grown in three growth media; peat moss, clay and rice straw. Acidic wastewater from Manquebad Superphosphate Fertilizer Factory (Assiut, Upper-Egypt) was applied as soil drench (200 ml/pot) at 0, 10, 20 and 30 days. Pots of gardenia were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replicates and repeated for two successive growing seasons. Peat moss produced the best vegetative and flowering growth of gardenia which could be assigned to its low pH and high organic matter content. Rice straw-grown plants had better vegetative growth than clay-grown ones in terms of plant height, number of leaves, branches and internodes, internode length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, number and diameter of flowers and possessed the highest leaf contents of phosphorus, potassium, cupper and manganese. Plants grown in clay were thicker with bigger leaves resulting in higher total leaf area, and were characterized by the highest shoot-root ratio, more flowers and higher leaf contents of chlorophylls a&b, nitrogen and iron. The application of the acidic water improved vegetative and flowering growth and leaf nutrient content of those plants grown in both clay and rice straw. Increasing the frequency of acidic water application to 10-day interval caused a significant improvement in all vegetative and flowering characteristics and leaf nutrient content. In conclusion, using acidic water at 10-day interval can improve the quality of rice straw and clay to be used as good substitutes for peat moss.
The growth and yield of corn hybrid AG 6690 irrigated with saline water of different electrical conductivities (ECi) ranging from 0.3 to 4.5 dS m-1 was evaluated. As salinity increased, the dry weight of all plant parts decreased as did evapotranspiration and water use efficiency. Grain yield decreased by 21% and 20% for each unit increase in ECi and electrical conductivity of the soil solution above threshold values of 1.7 and 4.3 dS m-1, respectively. Plants maintained leaf area index under moderate saline conditions.
Effects of Irrigation Practices on Some Soil Chemical Properties on OMI Irrig...IJERA Editor
Irrigation practices have been observed to impact scheme soil properties and other parameters negatively. These could be as a result of irrigation water quality, method of application and nature of scheme soil. This study was therefore conducted to study the effects of irrigation practices on the soils of Omi irrigation scheme Kogi state, Nigeria after 13years of operation. Soil samples were taken at depths 0 – 20 cm (A1), 20 – 80 cm (A2) and 80 – 120 cm (A3) from two operating lands (OL); OL 5 and OL 18 of the study area. The samples were analysed for chemical parameters (pH, CEC, ESP, Mg2+, Ca2+, OM, and OC). The soil pH which was in the neutral range (pH=6.65 to 7.00) at inception of scheme, has become slightly acidic (pH=6.53 to 6.60). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels have also increased from 10cmol+kg-1 to 35cmol+kg-1. While Organic matter (OM) and Organic carbon (OC) also have marked increase in their levels (baseline as 0.93 to 1.08; for year 2013 as 9.52 to 9.79). Generally, the analysis indicated a need for proper monitoring of the scheme soil to prevent further deterioration.
Comparison of water use savings and crop yields for clay pot and furrow irrig...Alexander Decker
This document compares water use and crop yields for clay pot and furrow irrigation methods in Lake Bogoria, Kenya. Field experiments were conducted using maize and tomato crops under each irrigation method. The results showed that the clay pot system saved 97.1% of applied water for maize and 97.8% for tomatoes compared to the furrow system. Maize yields were 32.2% higher and tomato yields 43.7% higher under the clay pot system due to greater water use efficiency from reduced evaporation and weed competition. The clay pot system provides significant water savings and higher crop productivity per unit of water applied.
Influence of Mulch and Ridge-tie on Soil Moisture retention and early growth ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Water is one of the main requirements for healthy plant growth. Most arid and semi-arid regions, however, suffer from insufficient and unreliable rainfall. The prevailing soils generally cannot absorb the amount of water which rainfalls in such a short time. Based on this and many other factors a study was carried out to determine the influence of mulch and ridge tie on moisture retention and early growth of maize, at the Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Teaching and Research Farm Jega. The results shows that on a short term basis ridge tying had the highest amount of moisture, while on the long terms basis mulch had the highest moisture content and maize plant height is also more observed in the mulched plots as compared to ridge-tie respectively with the value of 45cm-75cm, and 39cm al 54cm at 3 al 5 WAP respectively al dry matter yield also give a similar trend.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on yield and yield components of ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on yield and yield components of sorghum grown on two soil types. PRD consisted of four irrigation regimes with varying levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). The study found that sorghum grown under 100% and 75% irrigation regimes had higher yields and yield components compared to the 50% and 25% regimes. Water use efficiency was also highest under the 100% regime. There were no significant differences between the soil types. Economically, the 100% and 75% irrigation regimes were more profitable due to higher yields. Therefore, the study concluded that PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in semi-arid regions
The Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Irrigation with Treated WastewaterMarwan Haddad
This document summarizes a three-year study on the response of four chickpea cultivars (Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan, ICC 11293) to irrigation with treated wastewater versus freshwater. The results showed that the Bulgarit and ICC 11293 cultivars maintained yield when irrigated with treated wastewater, and even saw some biological growth improvements. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant yield reductions when irrigated with treated wastewater compared to freshwater. Soil analysis found no significant difference between the two irrigation water types.
Salinity is a common stress factor in agricultural areas that causes osmotic stress and reduces plant growth and crop productivity. The document examines the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) salt concentrations on germination and morphological attributes of maize. Laboratory experiments showed that higher salt concentrations (150mM - 250mM) significantly decreased germination rates and attributes like root and shoot length, mass, and number of leaves compared to the control. Similar inhibitory effects were observed in pot culture experiments. The study concludes that the maize variety tested is sensitive to NaCl salinity.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on growth performance of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on the growth performance of sorghum. The study found that sorghum grown under PRD techniques performed better than those under full irrigation. Specifically, irrigation regimes with 75% and 100% of full irrigation water produced better growth parameters, crop water use efficiency, and yields compared to regimes with 50% and 25% irrigation. The study also found interactions between the PRD irrigation techniques and two different soil types (Rengam soil series and Rhu Tapai soil series) for some growth parameters. Overall, the study concluded that using PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in water-limited conditions.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
Physiological Role of Humic Acid, Amino Acids and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Grow...IJEAB
In order to evaluate productivity of some wheat cultivars grown in sandy, saline soil under foliar spraying with humic acid, amino acids and nitrogen fertilizer levels. Highest chlorophyll b and carotenoid content, percentage of sodium and calcium, tallest plants and higher number of tillers/plant were achieved from Gemiza 9 cultivar. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR), chlorophyll and total chlorophyll values, higher flag leaf area and stem diameter were resulted from Giza 168 cultivar. While, higher percentages of proline, total phenols and potassium percentages were found from Shaka 93 cultivar. The earlier for a number of days to heading and flowering were resulted from Shaka 93 cultivar. Application of humic and amino acid mixture significantly enhanced total leaf area/plant, plant dry weight after 75 and 95 days from sowing (DFS), RGR, NAR, photosynthetic pigments, i.e. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids and proline contents. In addition, highest total phenols, potassium and calcium percentages, height flag leaf area, tallest plants, highest stem diameter and number of tillers/plant compared with other foliar spraying treatments. Accordingly, it could be recommended that foliar spraying wheat plants Giza 168 cultivar with the mixture of humic acid and Amino acids with addition, mineral fertilizing with 262 kg N/ha to obtain the best growth characters of wheat under newly reclaimed sandy saline soil conditions.
Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
Aerobic rice is a production system where rice varieties are grown in well-drained, non-puddled soils without standing water throughout the season. This aims to use 70-80% less water than flooded rice while still achieving yields of 4-6 tons per hectare. Aerobic rice was developed by IRRI to address water scarcity issues while increasing food production. It uses nutrient-responsive varieties adapted to aerobic conditions and supplemental irrigation. Compared to traditional flooded rice, aerobic rice uses 55-56% less water and has 1.6-1.9 times higher water productivity, making it suitable for areas with insufficient water for flooded rice.
The Response of Chickpea to Irrigation with Treated journal paperMarwan Haddad
This study assessed the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater (TW) versus freshwater (FW) on four chickpea cultivars over three years. Wastewater from a university campus was treated in a small-scale plant to reduce BOD, COD and EC to acceptable levels. Two cultivars, Bulgarit and ICC 11293, showed no reduction in yield or quality when irrigated with TW compared to FW. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant growth reductions with TW irrigation. Soil analysis found no significant differences between TW and FW irrigation.
Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
This document discusses saline irrigation management for sustainable use. It begins by introducing the concept of sustainable development and using renewable water resources without diminishing them over time. It then notes that many Middle Eastern and Mediterranean countries are facing water scarcity as populations and industries grow. Non-conventional water resources like saline water can be used for irrigation with proper management practices. The document discusses assessing saline water suitability based on factors like crop tolerance, preventing salt accumulation in soil, and using efficient irrigation technologies. It provides examples from several countries of crops successfully irrigated with saline water. Proper management like leaching salts, blending with fresh water, and using salt-tolerant crops is needed to sustainably use saline irrigation water.
Similar to Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment
1. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 8, Issue 11 Ver. I (Nov. 2015), PP 01-08
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081110108 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter
Experiment
Iman Abdul Mahdi Oleiwi1)
, Ali Hasan Faraj2)
, Samira Naser Hasoun3)
,
Jabbar Salal Abd Alhamza4)
1)
Professor at the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad
2)
Head Researcher at State Board for Agricultural Research (SBAR)
3)
Lecturer at the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad
4)
Assistant Lecturer at the College of Agriculture, University of Qadisia
Abstract: Phytoremediation of soils of different salinity levels have been investigated in this study using salt
tolerant forage crop. Soil was salinized with 5 levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100,150, 200 mmol L⁻¹) in 100 cm height
and 50 cm diameter lysimeters . Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) was planted as a reclaiming crop for saline
soil.
Results showed that relative yield (the ratio between saline treatment and non-saline treatment) obtained from
200 mmol L-1
treatment was 74, 77 and 75% for shoot, grain and total biomass weight, respectively which
considered acceptable from economic aspect. General trend showed that using SALINITY model capture the
essential features of leaching saline soil. However, it was concluded that SALINTY model did not take
phytoremediation into consideration which led to higher predicted ECe values comparing with the measured
values. Modeling salt and water during phytoremediation is needed to submit new criteria of saline soil
reclamation.
Key words: millet, modeling, lysimeter
I. Introduction
Saline agriculture is defined as the cultivation of tolerant crops using saline soil and/ or saline water for
irrigation. This kind of agriculture had been considered in many countries in arid and semiarid region. There are
indications both historical and recent that saline agriculture is a viable alternative to conventional agriculture.
The main impediment to more widespread acceptance and use of saline agriculture is the possible
degradation of soil and water resources.
Studies have shown that restoration of salt affected could be done by using phytoremediation. As a
definition, phytoremediation is a non-destructive in situ remediation technique that used plants to clean up
contaminated soil, water or air (Willey,2006). The findings of Begdullayeva et al. (2007) indicate the
potentiality of using salt tolerance crops for phytomelioration of marginal lands in Karakalpakstan.
The success of phytoremediation of saline soils requires a greater understanding of the processes
fostering phytoremediation, the potential of plant species to withstand ambient salinity and salinity levels in soil
and water, and also of the uses and markets for the agricultural products produced. Strategic research on such
aspects would further elucidate the role of phytoremediation in the restoration of saline soils for sustainable
agriculture and conservation of environmental quality. Qadir and Oster (2002) demonstrated that amelioration
through phytoremediation was achievable in much less time than initially anticipated. Such findings were based
on the use of appropriate plant species and irrigation and soil management practices that assisted in higher rates
of soil amelioration phytoremediation of salt affected soils is achieved by the following : i- use of plants to
remove contaminants, such as salt, plants that are tolerant to salinity can yield above ground biomass that
accumulates salt and can be removed from the site through harvesting (Chang 2007).ii- the ability of plant roots
to increase the dissolution rate of calcite, thereby resulting in enhanced levels of Ca+2
in soil solution to
effectively replace Naon the cation exchange Complex (Ahmed et al. 2003; Qadir et al. 2007). Crop tolerance
to salinity is of high importance due to the extent and the constant increase in salt-affected areas in arid and
semi-arid regions. Millet (Pennistum glaucum L.), generally consideredas fairly tolerant to salinity, could be an
alternative crop option for salt affected areas. Millet is a suitable crop to grow while leaching is occurring.
Moreover, millet is a quick-growing summer forages or grain crop. Ground watertables are generally at their
lowest during summer, and the vegetative cover provided by the millet crop prevents capillary rise of
groundwater which could lead to further salinization.The millet tolerates soil salinity (ECe) up to 6 dS m-1
(6000
μScm-1
or 3840 ppm) without a significant decrease in dry matter production. At an ECe of 9 dS m¯¹, its
production is expected to decrease by about 25% (Evans, 2006). Large genotypic variation was reported to exist
in millet for salinity response (Ashraf and McNeilly 1987, 1992; Dua 1989). The availability of high levels of
2. Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081110108 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
tolerance offers a scope to integrate this tolerant crop into appropriate management programs to improve the
productivity of the saline soils. It is found that millet crop accumulate 224 kg ha-1
of salt by 8 t ha-1
yield
(Gritsenko and Gritsenko, 1999). Millet seems to be sensitive at germination stage in ECe of 16 dS m¯1
and
beyond but this sensitivity is to some extent compensated by the tillering capability (Dua 1989). However, it
seems that salinity response estimated at germination stage does not correlate well with plant performance at
later stages (Munns and James 2003).
Transient soil-based models such as SALINITY generally use numerical solutions of water and solute
movement. The model based on complete mixing equation and numerical integration by modified trapezoidal
method of the mixing plate (Al-Gilani 1999). However, the presence of crop roots in the soil is treated as a
simple sink term and plant growth dynamics is generally not considered. Transport through the root zone is
modeled as a series of events or processes within a finite collection of discrete depth intervals. These sequential
events or processes include infiltration of water; drainage to field capacity, plant water uptake resulting from
transpiration, and/or evaporative losses from the soil surface Modeling studies considered useful in attempts to
better understand and/or predict the movement of agricultural and other contaminants in the vadose zone, one
example is the evaluation of remediation strategies for salt-affected soils (Suarez, 2001).
This study is conducted to assess the efficiency of phytoremediation modeling to predict soil salinity
during growing season.
II. Methods
Experiment set up: - Lysimeter system consisting of 15 tanks with 100 cm height and 50 cm diameter
.A wirehouse was settled for this purpose in the college of Agriculture – University of Baghdad. A layer of
coarse sand and gravel, 10 cm thick, was covered by repacked soil collected from 0-15 cm soil layer –field in
College of Agriculture - Abu Graib (Table 1). The non-saline silty clay loam textured soil was air dried for a
week then passed through a 4-mm sieve. At the bottom of each tank a pipe serving as drainage outlet connected
the tank with a conical flask to receive leachates. The set up was covered at a height of 3 m by a sheet of
transparent plastic to protect the assembly against precipitation. Soil was salinized with NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150,
200 mmol L⁻¹). The NaCl was dissolved in distilled water and applied to each tank corresponding to the field
capacity levels of the soil according to Tekalign et al., (1996). After planting barley at winter season, the second
stage was planting another crop at summer season.
Table 1: Chemical and physical properties of soil from Abu-Graib – College of Agriculture fields, (0-15
cm depth) used in the lysimeter experiments
Parameter
Partical size distribution
Sand
Silt
Clay
Organic matter
pHe
ECe
Soluble Cations
Na+
Ca+²
Mg+²
K+
Cl¯
SO4¯²
HCO3¯
Total N
Available P
Available K
CEC
Bulk density
Field capacity
g kg¯¹
g kg¯¹
g kg¯¹
g kg¯¹
g kg¯¹
dS m¯¹
mmol L¯¹
mmol L¯¹
mmol L¯¹
mmol L¯¹
mmol L¯¹
mmol L¯¹
mmol L¯¹
mg kg¯¹
mg kg¯¹
cmolc kg¯¹
cmolc kg¯¹
Mg m¯³
cmcm
172
455
373
2.3
7.7
2.6
11.4
8.5
6.8
0.48
17.5
3.6
2.0
60.4
5.3
1.2
24.9
1.2
0.27
Planting: - Each tank was planted with millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). A complete randomized block design
with three replicates was used. The tested treatments are 5 levels of soil salinity which mentioned above. Plant
nutrients N, P and K were added according to plant utilization:- 100 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea ,50 kg P ha⁻¹ as mono
calcium phosphate and 50 kg K as potassium sulfate. After 12 days of germination, 20 plants left in each tank.
Irrigation: - Plants were irrigated with fresh (tap) water. Based on ET monthly estimation by modified Penman
equation (FAO, 1977). ET values were: 292 and 258 mm for July and August, respectively. Leaching
requirement (LR) is estimated by the equation:
3. Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081110108 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
Where ECiw is the EC of the irrigation water and ECt is the soil EC that should not be exceeded in
order to minimize yield loss. After determining LR by this equation, the LR estimated by this equation = 0.18
knowing that: ECiw= 0.75 dSm⁻¹(Table1) and to minimize yield loss ECt = 1 dS
Table 2: Chemical composition of water used for irrigating millet crop (summer season).
Source Na+ Ca+² Mg+² K+ Cl⁻ SO4⁻² HCO3
-
EC
dS m¯¹
pH SAR
mmolc L⁻¹
Tap
water
2.92 2.06 1.54 0.02 3.76 0.45 2.01 0.75 7.23 2.18
m⁻¹. For each month, the total amount of water required (WR) by the crop was estimated by knowing the crop's
evapotranspiration (ET):
WR values estimated from the equation above = 356 and 314 mm for July and August,
respectively.Leachates (drainage water) were collected and their volumes are recorded with their specific dates
of collecting and analysing their ionic composition. Net salt ionic removal through leachates (Qi) was
calculated for each month through growth period with help of the formula (Ahmad et al., 2003):
Qi = Σ (Cij – C1s) Vj
Where Cij is salt ionic concentration in the leachate and C1s is that in the leaching solution (applied
water) at a given volume Vj.
Soil samples also were collected and analyzed. Soil and water and plant analysis were carried out according to
Ryan et al. (2003).
III. Results
Soil salinity criteria
The data of soil ECe pre and post cultivation of millet crop (Figure 1) showed general reduction in soil
salinity occurred in all levels of NaCl and soil depths after cultivation. Lowest ECe values were obtained at 0-30
cm and ranged between 2.4 -14.9 and 1.8-9 dSm-1
pre-and post-cultivation, respectively. Highest values were
obtained at 60-90 cm and ranged between 3.1-16.2 and 2.8-10 dSm-1
pre-and post-cultivation, respectively. It
was observed that cropping reduced the soil salinity to a considerable level in all the treatments. However,
highest reduction after cultivation was recorded at the level of 200 mmol L-1
NaCl of 40, 40, 38% for the three
depths: 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 cm, respectively. Sodium and chloride ions are major contributors to soil salinity
thus they were measured pre and post cultivation (Figure 2). General trend reduction was noticed which agreed
with ECe data. Lowest values of sodium were recorded at 0-30 cm and ranged between 14-105.93 and 7.62 -
83.97mmol L-1
pre and post –cultivation, respectively. While Cl-
ranged between 16.8- 117.9 and 7-80 mmol L_1
,
respectively. Highest values were obtained
Fig. 1. Electrical conductivity (ECe) of soil pre and post millet cultivation
4. Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081110108 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
13.61- 116.4 and 12.95- 88.46 pre and post – cultivation, respectively. Major salinity ions: Na+
and Cl-
behaved
similarly as ECe. The similarity between ECe and both NaCl behavior in soil was noticed by many studies (Al-
Zubaidi 1992 and Al-Hassani 1984).
Millet crop Performance at soil salinity treatments
In the current study the productivity of millet in response to salinity levels at summer season was
assessed, based on the (stem + leaf) biomass, grain and total biomass produced under salinityas that of control
(Table 3). Statistical analysis was done using least significant differences (LSD) to compare the mathematical
averages. Large variation was found for the shoot biomass at different treatments. It was clear from the data that
yield significantly (p≤ 0.05) reduced with increasing NaCl concentrations. Maximum shoot dry weight of
64.57g was obtained at control treatment while minimum dry weight of 28.58 g was obtained at 200 mmol L¯¹.
Data presented in table 3 showed that maximum grain weight of 18.85 g was recorded for control
treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that NaCl levels had significantly (p≤ 0.05) affected grain yield.
Minimum grain yield of 6.76g was obtained at 200 mmol L¯¹. Total above ground biomass weight indicated that
maximum weight of 83.42 g was recorded for control treatment and significantly differed from minimum weight
of 35.34 g which was recorded for 200 mmol L¯¹. Before cultivation of millet, soil salinity of 150 and 200
mmol L-1
treatments was above threshold which is according to Evans (2006) equal to 6 dS m-1
for leading to
yield loss as a response to elevated salinity. Although ECe for
Fig. 2. Concentrations of Na+
(A) and Cl-
(B) in soil pre and post millet cultivation
100 mmol L-1
was below threshold salinity, it gave significantly lower yield than control and 50 mmol
L-1
.This could be attributed to the rise in temperature. Dalton et al. (1997) found that increase in root zone
temperature caused significant increase (96%) in the threshold value of root zone salinity. However, the ratio
5. Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081110108 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
between saline treatment and non-saline treatment which defined as relative yield was 74, 77 and 75% for shoot,
grain and total above ground biomass weight, respectively which considered acceptable from economic aspect
according to Maas and Hoffman (1976). Relative yield for highest salinity level (200 mmol L¯¹) was 44, 36 and
42% for shoot, grain and total above ground biomass weight, respectively.
Table 3: Dry weight of straw, grain and total above ground biomass of millet in soil treated with different
NaCl levels – summer season.
NaCl
(mmol L⁻¹)
treatment
Dry weight (g)
Shoot
(stem+leaf)
Grain Total above
ground biomass
Control 64.57 18.85 83.42
50 62.60 16.43 79.03
100 47.88 14.60 62.48
150 33.03 10.09 43.12
200 28.58 6.76 35.34
LSD 0.05 11.65 4.33 20.77
Ionic Concentration in millet crop fractions
Statistical analysis of the data indicated that increasing NaCl levels cause a significant (p≤ 0.05)
increase in Na+
concentration in shoot and grain (Table 4), maximum concentrations were obtained from 200
mmol L¯¹ of 28.32 and 4.11mg g¯¹, while minimum value of 9.59 and 2.31 mg g¯¹ was recorded for control.
Similar trend was observed in Cl-
concentration in shoot and grain, minimum value of 9.54 and 4.15mg g¯¹ was
recorded for control while maximum value of 21.67and 5.26mg g¯¹, respectively was obtained form 200 mmol
L¯¹. Increasing levels of NaCl caused insignificant decrease in K+
, Ca+2
and Mg+2
in shoot and grain. Sodium
and chloride were the major cations that significantly accumulated in crop biomass as NaCl levels increased,
unlike potassium which decreased with NaCl increasing. High concentration of both Na+
and Cl-
ions in the root
zone reduced the uptake of other essential ions like Ca, Mg and K.
Table 4: Concentration of elements in both straw and grain of millet crop at five NaCl levels in soil.
Concentration
(mg g¯¹)
NaCl (mmol L¯¹) LSD
0.05Control 50 100 150 200
Shoot
(stem+
Leaf)
Na+
9.59 10.68 17.99 20.56 28.32
8.14
Cl¯ 9.54 13.67 20.50 20.53 21.67 3. 55
Ca+2
3.66 3.34 3.41 3.27 3.23 NS
Mg+2
3.32 2.75 3.12 2.91 3.19 NS
K+ 27.86 27.62 26.82 25.45 25.99 NS
Grain Na+
2.31 2.57 3.08 3.85 4.11 0.45
Cl¯ 4.15 4.36 4.51 4.82 5.26 0.64
Ca+2
3.43 2.68 2.67 2.79 2.89 NS
Mg+2
2.87 2.75 2.43 2.79 2.78 NS
K+ 6.58 6.88 6.79 6.06 5.93 NS
Leaching of salts from cultivated soil
Table 5 showed the volumes of leachates that percolated through the root zone of millet crop.
Leachates ranged between 3080-4350 cm3
at July. Reduction in volumes occurred at August and ranged within
1200-2800 cm3
. Increasing of NaCl levels caused increasing of leachates volumes. Reclamation demands
enough supplies of irrigation water in order to flush down desorbed sodium along with other salts. Leachates
that percolate through the root zone increased with NaCl levels. The infiltration of applied water through the soil
is the evidence of the improvement of soil physical conditions. The salinity levels in soil solution during
6. Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081110108 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
phytoremediation maintain adequate soil structure and aggregate stability that facilitate water movement
through the soil profile and enhance the amelioration process (Oster et al.,1999).
Table 5: Leachate volumes percolated through soil during growth season of millet crop at five NaCl levels
in soil.
NaCl
(mmol
L⁻¹)
treatment
Leachates volumes (cm³)
July August
Control 3080 1200
50 3440 1540
100 3700 1960
150 3840 2200
200 4350 2800
Leaching fraction (LF) defined as the fraction of irrigation more water than required to meet the
evapotranspiration needs of the crop which pass through the root zone to leach excess soluble salts. Actual
leaching fraction (LF) illustrated in Table 6. General reduction in LF values existed with decrease of NaCl
levels. Limits of LF were between 0.070-0.099 at July and reduced to 0.031-0.072 at August. Calculating the
salts removed by LF showed an increasing trend as the NaCl levels increased (Table 6). The results showed that
LF increased as salinity increased. However LF was less than leaching requirements LR that was added with
irrigation water (0.18). Despite that water requirement (WR) used in irrigation was relatively high, It is observed
that LR is about 2.5- 2 and 6-2.2 fold more than LF at July and August, respectively and they were less than the
preferential flow with bypass fraction found by van Hoorn et al. (1997). This indicated that significant portion of
LR was used by crop as evapotranspiration due to the rising temperature at summer season. Since the
amelioration of saline soils depends on the movement of water through the soil profile to remove excess salts
from the root zone, it is important that leaching and drainage for salinity control should: i- minimize flow of
water through the soil profile to reduce dissolution of soil minerals, and ii- reduce drainage volume which
collected from the drainage (Qadir et al., 2006). As a result of these findings, highest amounts of Sodium and
chloride ions were removed at 200 mmol L-1
of 287.13 and 283.85 mmolc at July and August respectively (Table
7).
Table 6. Leaching fraction (LF) obtained from the ratio between the amount of drainage water (leachate)
and the amount of irrigation water (WR) during growth season of millet crop at five NaCl levels in soil.
Table 7: Salts contents of leachates during growth season of millet crop at five NaCl levels in soil.
NaCl
(mmol L⁻¹)
treatment
Salts (mmolc)
July August
Control 93.94 33.45
50 94.67 91.63
100 220.15 124.46
150 195.64 201.30
200 287.13 283.85
NaCl
(mmol L⁻¹)
treatment
LF
July August
Control 0.070 0.031
50 0.078 0.039
100 0.084 0.050
150 0.087 0.057
200 0.099 0.072
7. Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081110108 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Using of SALINITY in salinity modeling in the rootzone
A crop –based model for salinity management- SALINITY- was tested using data from the experiment
for millet crop. SALINITY model simulation is shown in Fig. 3. General trend of ECe values increased with
increasing of soil depth. Although the overall trend was similar in both measured and predicted values, it is
observed that predicted values were higher than measured values for the different salinity treatment. This could
be attributed to that SALINTY model did not take
Fig. 3. Measured and simulated electrical conductivity of soil (ECe) after millet harvesting using
SALINITY model for S1 (0 mM NaCl ), S1(50 mM NaCl), S2(100 mM NaCl ),S3 (150 mM NaCl) and S4
(200 mM).
Phytoremediation into consideration which led to higher predicted ECe values. These results indicate
the need to extend SALINITY model with a routine, which takes into account the effects of phytoremediation.
8. Effect of Soil Salinity on Growth of Millet in Lysimeter Experiment
DOI: 10.9790/2380-081110108 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
IV. Discussion
Salt removal was increased as NaCl levels increased in soil. This could be attributed to leaching
efficiency which enhanced in soil and led to remove salts through the rootzone. Millet is proved to be enhancing
leaching of salts through its roots. Moreover, millet is a quick-growing summer forages or grain crop and the
vegetative cover provided by the millet crop prevents capillary rise of which could lead to further salinization.
Salt diffusion from micropores to macropores was accelerated by the high temperature at July and August,
which led to be leached by irrigation water and continues downward movement at the end of the growing
season. However, the results indicate substantial yield loss due to pre-cultivation salinity. To avoid such loss,
Qadir et al (2006) recommended leaching before sewing. Another solution is to use multi-cuts for millet forages
which showed very encouraging results and maximize the yield (Taha and Ismail 2008).
Accumulation of Na+
salts by plants contributes to osmotic adjustment to increased external salinity.
Krishnamurthy et al. (2007) stated that the millet salinity tolerance associated with increased K+
and Na+
content. Millet does not seem to be efficient excluder of Na+
from the shoot. The mean of Na+
concentration in
the shoot was about three fold higher for 200 mmol L-1
than that observed under control. Many studies
suggested that the harvest of aerial plant portion can contributed considerably to removal of salt (Zia, 2006).
V. Conclusion
Millet cropping in conjunction with leaching increases salt removal efficiency. Simulating salt removal
during the amelioration process provides insight into understanding movement of salts in soils.
Modeling salt and water during phytoremediation is needed to submit new criteria of saline soil reclamation.
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