Soil Salinity in India
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This document discusses soil salinity in India. It begins by defining soil and its components. It then explains that saline soils are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions with low precipitation. In India, about 7 million hectares of land have reduced crop yields due to soil salinity. The document categorizes the different types of saline soils found in India based on their characteristics such as saline soil, saline-alkali soil, and saline-sodic soil. It concludes by noting that excess soil salinity can greatly impact plant growth and crop production.
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Saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils occur when rainfall is insufficient to leach salts below the root zone, leaving soils high in salts like sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate. Saline soils have high salt levels that increase osmotic pressure and reduce water availability to plants. Sodic soils have high sodium levels that disperse soil particles, reducing infiltration and root growth. Saline-sodic soils contain both high salts and sodium but remain flocculated if salt levels stay elevated; management focuses on exchanging sodium for calcium followed by leaching salts. Proper irrigation water quality and sufficient leaching are needed to manage all salt-affected soils for agriculture.
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This document discusses different types of salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes the properties of each soil type and methods for reclamation. Sodic soils have a high sodium content which reduces water intake, while saline soils contain water-soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts from the root zone through irrigation and drainage. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding calcium amendments like gypsum to replace sodium on clay surfaces and improve soil structure and permeability. Proper drainage is also needed to manage salt levels in both soil types.
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This document provides an overview of assessing soil quality. It discusses the importance of evaluating soil quality to understand the impacts of management practices on soil functions. Key parameters for assessing soil quality are organized into physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Common methods for evaluating soil quality indicators include statistical analysis, soil quality indexing, and case studies. Maintaining or improving soil quality is important for ensuring soil health and sustainable agricultural productivity over the long term.
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This document discusses different types of salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes the properties of each soil type and methods for reclamation. Sodic soils have a high sodium content which reduces water intake, while saline soils contain water-soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts from the root zone through irrigation and drainage. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding calcium amendments like gypsum to replace sodium on clay surfaces and improve soil structure and permeability. Proper drainage is also needed to manage salt levels in both soil types.
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Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
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This document summarizes methods for reclaiming alkaline and saline soils. It discusses how excess sodium and poor drainage can lead to alkalinity in soils. The main reclamation methods described are leaching salts from the soil using drainage and flooding, and converting salts using amendments like gypsum, sulfur, or iron sulfate. These amendments cause chemical reactions that replace exchangeable sodium with calcium, forming leachable sodium sulfates. Careful irrigation is also important to prevent salt accumulation and allow for salt precipitation below the root zone.
potassium dynamics
This document discusses potassium (K) in soils. It covers the following key points:
- K exists in soils in various forms including solution, exchangeable, fixed, and structural/mineral forms. Exchangeable K is the most plant-available.
- K is essential for plant growth and plays important roles in processes like photosynthesis and enzyme activation. Deficiency causes burn symptoms on older leaves and reduced yields.
- Common fertilizers containing K include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium magnesium sulfate. Fertilizer K can increase various forms of K in soils.
- Factors like clay content, soil pH, wetting/drying, and freezing/thawing can influence K
Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India
This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
Determination of gypsum requirement of alkali soil
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This document describes a method for determining the gypsum requirement of alkali soils to aid in soil reclamation. Key steps include:
1) Adding a saturated gypsum solution to a sample of soil and allowing them to equilibrate.
2) Titrating the calcium and magnesium left in the solution after equilibration using versenate titration to determine the amount adsorbed by the soil.
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Irrigation Water
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Problematic soil
This document summarizes different types of problematic soils, including their causes and solutions. There are two main types - chemical soils like acidic, saline, sodic, and alkaline soils which form due to chemical imbalances, and physical soils with issues like hard pans, waterlogging, and dispersion. Solutions include adding lime to acidic soil, leaching salts from saline soil, changing plant varieties for sodic soil, and installing drainage for waterlogged soils. The document provides details on the characteristics and remediation approaches for each problematic soil type.
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It also includes substances of organic origin either leaving or dead.
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This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
2. Capillary water is held in small pores by surface forces and is available to plants. It is held at tensions between 1/3 and 31 atmospheres.
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3. salt affcted soil.pptx
1. The document discusses salt-affected soils found in arid and semi-arid regions characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation. These soils can become saline, sodic, or saline-sodic.
2. Saline soils contain appreciable amounts of soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates which do not affect the soil structure. Sodic soils contain exchangeable sodium which disperses clay and degrades the soil structure. Saline-sodic soils have high salinity and sodicity.
3. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts below the root zone. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding amendments like gypsum to replace exchangeable sodium with calcium and restore soil structure
saline and alkaline properties ppt.pptx
Alkaline Soils
Clay soils with a pH of more than 8.5 are classified as alkaline soils. The higher pH is caused by high quantities of salt, magnesium, and calcium. Furthermore, hard water can cause the pH of soils to rise to alkaline proportions. On the other hand, sodium carbonate is the dominant component in alkaline soil. Therefore, alkaline soils inflate when exposed to sodium carbonate.
Saline Soils
When there is an overabundance of sodium ions in the clay and soil complex that still includes exchangeable calcium, the soil is referred to as saline soil, brown alkali soil, or white alkali soil. This soil continues to be flocculated or granulated. As a result, it has air and water permeability.
Agriculture on Saline and Alkaline Soils
Coconut trees may be found in abundance in coastal settings. In addition, as previously stated, farming salt-tolerant crops such as dhaincha, berseem, and other grain legume crops may aid in the reclamation of these soils. Moreover, some of the suitable agriculture on saline-alkaline soil is mentioned below:
Suitable Crops: Barley, Cotton, Sugar beet, Sugarcane, Rice, Mustard, Maize, Green Gram, Red Gram, Sunflower, Sesame, Linseed, Sorghum, Bajra, etc.
Suitable Vegetables: Tomato, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Cucumber, Bitter guard, Pumpkin, Spinach, etc.
Suitable Fruits: Guava, Beetroot, Asparagus, Coconut, Banana, Grape, Pomegranate, Date palm, etc.
Features of Saline and Alkaline Soils
The topsoil of Saline and Alkaline Soil is permeated (saturated or soaked with a material) with alkaline and saline efflorescences.
Weathering produces calcium salts, magnesium, sodium, and sulfurous acid from inert rock pieces.
In areas with a lower water table, salts permeate the subsurface, but in areas with high drainage, salts are washed away by running water.
Certain salts are delivered in suspension by rivers.
In places with a higher subsoil surface water, harmful salts are carried below by capillary forces during the summer months due to evaporation.
Water with a high salt content becomes stationary in places with inadequate drainage and accumulates all of the salt contents in the soil layer as it dissipates.
Alkaline and Saline Soil Areas in India
Saline and Alkaline Soil covers an area of 68,000 square kilometers. These soils are formed in canal rinsed lands and locations with a higher subsurface water table. This type of soil may be found in parts of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Maharashtra. However, the build-up of the salts leaves the soil unproductive and unsuited for cultivation.
The sea tides transporting salt-laden sediments damage the lands near the Khambhat Gulf of Gujarat. As a result, vast portions of the Mahi, Tapi, Narmada, and Sabarmati rivers are unproductive. When severe storms, salty sea waves invade coastal locations, rendering the soil unsuitable for farming.
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This document summarizes methods for reclaiming alkaline and saline soils. It discusses how excess sodium and poor drainage can lead to alkalinity in soils. The main reclamation methods described are leaching salts from the soil using drainage and flooding, and converting salts using amendments like gypsum, sulfur, or iron sulfate. These amendments cause chemical reactions that replace exchangeable sodium with calcium, forming leachable sodium sulfates. Careful irrigation is also important to prevent salt accumulation and allow for salt precipitation below the root zone.
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- K is essential for plant growth and plays important roles in processes like photosynthesis and enzyme activation. Deficiency causes burn symptoms on older leaves and reduced yields.
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This document describes a method for determining the gypsum requirement of alkali soils to aid in soil reclamation. Key steps include:
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This document summarizes different types of problematic soils, including their causes and solutions. There are two main types - chemical soils like acidic, saline, sodic, and alkaline soils which form due to chemical imbalances, and physical soils with issues like hard pans, waterlogging, and dispersion. Solutions include adding lime to acidic soil, leaching salts from saline soil, changing plant varieties for sodic soil, and installing drainage for waterlogged soils. The document provides details on the characteristics and remediation approaches for each problematic soil type.
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This document discusses soil water, including its different forms and how it is held in soil. There are three main forms of soil water:
1. Gravitational water occupies large pores and moves downward readily via gravity. It is not available to plants.
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3. salt affcted soil.pptx
1. The document discusses salt-affected soils found in arid and semi-arid regions characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation. These soils can become saline, sodic, or saline-sodic.
2. Saline soils contain appreciable amounts of soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates which do not affect the soil structure. Sodic soils contain exchangeable sodium which disperses clay and degrades the soil structure. Saline-sodic soils have high salinity and sodicity.
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Alkaline Soils
Clay soils with a pH of more than 8.5 are classified as alkaline soils. The higher pH is caused by high quantities of salt, magnesium, and calcium. Furthermore, hard water can cause the pH of soils to rise to alkaline proportions. On the other hand, sodium carbonate is the dominant component in alkaline soil. Therefore, alkaline soils inflate when exposed to sodium carbonate.
Saline Soils
When there is an overabundance of sodium ions in the clay and soil complex that still includes exchangeable calcium, the soil is referred to as saline soil, brown alkali soil, or white alkali soil. This soil continues to be flocculated or granulated. As a result, it has air and water permeability.
Agriculture on Saline and Alkaline Soils
Coconut trees may be found in abundance in coastal settings. In addition, as previously stated, farming salt-tolerant crops such as dhaincha, berseem, and other grain legume crops may aid in the reclamation of these soils. Moreover, some of the suitable agriculture on saline-alkaline soil is mentioned below:
Suitable Crops: Barley, Cotton, Sugar beet, Sugarcane, Rice, Mustard, Maize, Green Gram, Red Gram, Sunflower, Sesame, Linseed, Sorghum, Bajra, etc.
Suitable Vegetables: Tomato, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Cucumber, Bitter guard, Pumpkin, Spinach, etc.
Suitable Fruits: Guava, Beetroot, Asparagus, Coconut, Banana, Grape, Pomegranate, Date palm, etc.
Features of Saline and Alkaline Soils
The topsoil of Saline and Alkaline Soil is permeated (saturated or soaked with a material) with alkaline and saline efflorescences.
Weathering produces calcium salts, magnesium, sodium, and sulfurous acid from inert rock pieces.
In areas with a lower water table, salts permeate the subsurface, but in areas with high drainage, salts are washed away by running water.
Certain salts are delivered in suspension by rivers.
In places with a higher subsoil surface water, harmful salts are carried below by capillary forces during the summer months due to evaporation.
Water with a high salt content becomes stationary in places with inadequate drainage and accumulates all of the salt contents in the soil layer as it dissipates.
Alkaline and Saline Soil Areas in India
Saline and Alkaline Soil covers an area of 68,000 square kilometers. These soils are formed in canal rinsed lands and locations with a higher subsurface water table. This type of soil may be found in parts of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Maharashtra. However, the build-up of the salts leaves the soil unproductive and unsuited for cultivation.
The sea tides transporting salt-laden sediments damage the lands near the Khambhat Gulf of Gujarat. As a result, vast portions of the Mahi, Tapi, Narmada, and Sabarmati rivers are unproductive. When severe storms, salty sea waves invade coastal locations, rendering the soil unsuitable for farming.
Salt affected soil
Salt affected soils occur in arid and semi-arid regions where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, accumulating ions like sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chlorides. These soils are primarily classified as saline soils or sodic soils. India has 10.018Mha of salt affected soils, mostly in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. The origins of these soils include parent material, low rainfall and high evaporation, and poor quality irrigation water. Saline soils contain toxic salt concentrations and have pH below 8.5, while sodic soils have pH above 8.5 and high exchangeable sodium. Management practices include physical treatments, chemical amendments like gypsum, biological additions of organic matter,
Problematic soil
This document discusses different types of problematic soils including acidic, saline, and alkali soils. It provides details on the characteristics and causes of each soil type as well as management practices. Acidic soils have a pH below 7 and are common in India. Saline soils contain excess salts and are found in certain states. Alkali soils have a high pH and hard layers. The document also covers physical properties of problematic soils such as soil crusting, water logging, erosion, and swelling.
Area And Distribution of Acid soil.pptx
The document discusses the distribution and causes of different types of problematic soils in India, including acidic soils which cover 49 million hectares, or 9.3% of the country's total geographical area. It outlines the main factors that can lead to the formation of acidic, saline, sodic, saline-sodic, calcareous, and acid sulfate soils. Problematic soils pose challenges for agricultural land use due to their composition and environmental conditions.
Saline soil (IGKV RAIPUR, C.G) RAHUL RAJ
The document summarizes the key causes and characteristics of saline soils. Saline soils form in arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall is low and evaporation is high, preventing the leaching of soluble salts. Primary minerals release salt constituents through weathering, and groundwater, ocean water, irrigation water, windblown salts, and excessive fertilizer use can deposit additional salts in the soil. Saline soils are characterized by a high total soluble salt content over 0.1% which creates an osmotic pressure that prevents plant growth. Common salts found are sulfates, chlorides and nitrates of sodium.
7 waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes like seepage from canals, poor drainage, and interrupted surface runoff. Waterlogging reduces oxygen in soils and affects plant growth. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. Salinity refers to salt presence in soils. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching, irrigation water, and groundwater. Saline soils are classified and effects on plants described. Reclamation involves leaching salts and adding organic matter or chemicals.
7-Waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes of waterlogging including seepage from canals, poor drainage, and flooding. It outlines effects on plant growth like reduced oxygen and gas exchange. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. The document also defines soil salinity and describes processes of formation. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching and irrigation water. Management includes leaching, crop selection, and adding organic matter or chemicals.
7-Waterlogging and salinity
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes of waterlogging including seepage from canals, poor drainage, and excessive irrigation. It outlines effects on plant growth like reduced oxygen and gas exchange. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. Salinity is defined as salt presence in soils. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching and irrigation/groundwater. Classification depends on salt levels and composition. Effects on plants include reduced water availability and specific ion toxicity. Reclamation involves leaching, crop selection, and adding organic matter or chemicals.
Problem of sodic soils.ppt
Sodic soils are characterized by a disproportionately high concentration of sodium in the cation exchange complex. They occur in arid and semi-arid regions and have poor physical and chemical properties that impair water infiltration, availability, and plant growth. Sodic soils have an exchangeable sodium percentage over 15% and pH over 8.5. The high sodium content causes clay particles to disperse, preventing aggregation and clogging soil pores. This restricts water and air movement and root penetration, inhibiting plant growth. Management strategies aim to leach sodium from the soil profile and replace it with calcium using gypsum or low sodium irrigation water.
Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristics
This document discusses acid soils and acid sulfate soils. It defines different levels of soil acidity and notes that about 8% of India's land area is affected by acid soils. The key causes of acid soil formation are excessive rainfall, acidic parent materials, fertilizer and organic matter decomposition, and human activities like drainage. Acid soils have light texture, low nutrient availability, and reduced biological activity. Liming can reduce acidity and aluminum toxicity. Acid sulfate soils form in coastal areas and produce sulfuric acid when drained, releasing toxic aluminum and iron. Maintaining flooding or controlling drainage helps manage acid sulfate soils.
Acid soil formation and classification of acid soil in india
Genesis of soil acidity,acid soil forming factors, pedogenic process influence the acid soil, acid soil classification, amelioration of soil acidity-chemistry of liming, equivalent acidity,neutralizing value or calcium carbonate equivalent
Salt Affected Soils and Their Management
1. The document discusses various types of problem soils including saline soils, saline-alkali soils, sodic soils, and their characteristics.
2. Saline soils contain excess neutral soluble salts like NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 which increase the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. Saline-alkali soils have both excess salts and alkalinity due to sodium.
3. Sodic soils have a high percentage of sodium ions that disperse clay particles and destroy the soil structure, reducing permeability and aeration. Reclamation methods include leaching salts, applying gypsum or other amendments, and growing salt-tolerant crops.
SOIL FERTILITY.pptx
Soil fertility refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant growth through adequate nutrient supply and lack of toxins. Soil fertility comes from inherent nutrients in parent material and acquired fertility from inputs like manure and fertilizers. Factors affecting soil fertility include climate, topography, and microorganisms. Soil pH impacts nutrient availability, with acidic soils having issues like aluminum/manganese toxicity and phosphorus deficiency. Saline soils form in arid areas due to low rainfall, poor drainage, and accumulation of salts from irrigation water, fertilizers, or sea spray. Liming can remedy acidic soil problems by raising pH and supplying calcium and magnesium.
Problems in forest soil and their management
This document discusses problems in forest soils and their management. It identifies physical problems such as slow permeability, excessive permeability, subsurface hardening, surface crusting, shallow soils, and waterlogging. It also identifies chemical problems including salt-affected soils, alkaline soils, saline soils, and acid soils. Management strategies are provided for each problem, such as drainage, adding organic matter or sand to change texture, liming, and selecting suitable tree species. The challenges of managing problematic forest soils are utilizing degraded lands for plantation, providing adequate nutrients, and balancing inputs with plant needs. Soil conservation is important as soil is fundamental to terrestrial ecology.
Eco 4 soil physical and chemical properties
soil
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Types of soil
This document describes the different types of soil found around the world. It discusses alluvial soil formed by river deposits, black soil which is dark and clay-rich, and red soil formed from weathered rocks. It also outlines mountain soil, desert soil, saline/alkaline soil, peaty/marshy soil, residual soil, marine soil, glacial soil, loamy soil, laterite soil, and aeolian soil transported by wind. The types of soil vary based on their composition, texture, and the environmental factors involved in their formation.
Waterlogging Types & Causes of Waterlogging Effects & its control Salinity Ef...
Waterlogging refers to saturation of soil with water which can occur when the water table rises too high. Approximately 4% of irrigated land in India is affected by waterlogging, causing issues for crop growth. Key causes of waterlogging include seepage from canals, poor drainage, interruptions to natural water flows, and excessive or poorly managed irrigation. Prevention strategies center around reducing water infiltration and increasing outflow, through actions like canal lining, interceptor drains, and improved drainage systems.
Soil and its types
The document discusses different types of soil including sandy soil, loam soil, peat soil, clay soil, silt soil, and chalky soil. It provides details on the composition, properties, characteristics, benefits for plant growth, and examples of plants that grow well in each soil type. The document is a report submitted by students from the Botany department of Rawalpindi Women's University on various soil types.
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Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristics
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Soil Salinity in India
- 1. SOIL SALINITY IN INDIA GEETIKA SALUJA M.SC Semester-III ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
- 2. Soil to mankind is a basic natural resource. Soil is a mixture of solid, liquid and gaseous substances, forms the top most layer of the Earth’s crust. It has both the abiotic and biotic component. Soil Complex is form of 5 components: Mineral Matter Soil Organic Humus Soil Water Soil Atmosphere Biological System
- 3. The saline soil are the ‘SALT AFFECTED SOILS” generally found in Arid and Semi-Arid regions. These soils are generally found in “low precipitation area” where precipitation and evaporation ratio is less than 10.75 Weathering of parent rock also contribute to the soluble salts to soil. In India about 7 million hectare area produces less yield due to salinity problem.
- 4. The white, rounded "caps" of the columns are comprised of soil dispersed because of the high sodium saturation
- 5. The distinguish characteristics of saline soils in India is been found. On basis of their characteristics the saline soil have been categorized into:- SALINE SOIL SALINE-ALKALI SOIL SALINE-SODIC SOIL CALCAREOUS SOIL
- 6. SALINE SOIL contains excess neutral or alkaline salts due to: Formation of limestone from igneous rocks Nearness of sea shore Ground or canal water irrigation for longer time. They are known by different names in different regions REH in UTTAR PRADESH THAR in PUNJAB KHAJAR in GUJRAT KHAR in MAHARASHTRA
- 7. Soil generally contains ‘white or greyish pluffy’. Texture is sandy or sandy loam.{ Exception: Curry Soil of Kerala which are clayey in texture} Conductivity of soil is more than 4mS/cm Exchangeable Na% is less than 15 Principal anions are chloride or sulfate with small quantity of bicarbonates.
- 9. They combine characteristics of both SALINE and Alkali soils Have white incrustations Have both alkaline and neutral salts pH8.5 or more Conductivity more than 4mS/cm
- 10. Possess blackish or dark brown color due to formation of complex structure of Na with organic material These are hard and compact with clayey or clayey loam in texture There is an excess accumulation of salts of Na and K. Anions include carbonate ions Exchangeable Na is more than 15% pH8.5-10 Conductivity is less than 4mS/cm
- 11. Have high content of Calcium carbonate and calcium oxide Calcareous soil develop from Limestone rock Humus and nutrient content is poor but water holding capacity is moderate.
- 12. Calcium carbonate accumulation in the lower B horizon
- 13. States Area under saline soil (million hectare) Uttar Pradesh 1.28 million hectare Gujarat 1.2 million hectare West Bengal 0.84 million hectare Rajasthan 0.720 million hectare Punjab 0.68 million hectare Maharashtra 0.528 million hectare Haryana 0.520 million hectare Karnatka 0.400 million hectare Orissa 0.400 million hectare Madhya Pradesh 0.20 million hectare
- 14. States Area under saline soil (million hectare) Andhra Pradesh 0.024 million hectare Delhi 0.016 million hectare Kerala 0.016 million hectare Bihar 0.004 million hectare Tamil Nadu 0.872 million hectare TOTAL 7 million hectare
- 16. Increase soil salinity levels can greatly effect plant growth and production. Excess soil salinity causes poor and spotty stands of crops, uneven and stunted growth and poor yields, the extent depending on the degree of salinity. The primary effects of excess salinity is that it renders less water available to plants although some is still present in the root zone.
- 18. Salinity in plants can have a huge effect on the rate of photosynthesis. The effects of salt in plants is similar to drought in plants. Because the salt absorbs the water, in a high enough quantity the salt can dry out plants which makes photosynthesis slow down at a very high rate or even make photosynthesis in plants cease all together. If too much salt gets into the plant then the stomata, this allows carbon dioxide into the plant, may close up which will not allow and carbon dioxide in or oxygen out.
- 21. Presence of salt-tolerant native plants, such as Red Sapphire Spraying of the GYPSUM to decrease the salinity of soil