Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water use Efficiency of Onion (Allium cepa l.) at Amibara, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia
A field experiment was conducted at Werer, Middle Awash Valley during the dry season of the 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on onion yield and water productivity under semi-arid conditions. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to the main plot and the three mulching materials (no mulch, wheat straw and white plastic mulch), were to the sub-plot. Results indicate that marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency were affected by the main effect of furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials (p< 0.05). But the interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on marketable onion bulb yield and water use efficiency. The conventional furrow irrigation (10081.52kg ha-1) and wheat straw mulch (12121.63 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum marketable bulb yield. The highest water use efficiency (3.27 kg/m3) was obtained from alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch. This suggests that under limited irrigation water, alternate furrow irrigation along with wheat straw mulch minimize evaporation loss; maximize water productivity and sustain onion production at Amibara and similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
Abstract: Determination of crop water requirement is the primary duty in any irrigation planning. This can be obtained through determining crop coefficient (Kc) which integrates the effect of characteristics that distinguish a typical field crop from the grass reference that has a constant appearance and a complete ground cover. Consequently, different crops will have different Kc coefficients. The changing characteristics of the crop over the growing season also affect the Kc coefficient. Hence crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of potential crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration, is an important parameter in irrigation planning and management. However, this information is not available for many important crops for a specific area. A study was carried out at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, which is located in a semi arid climate of the great central rift valley. A drainage type lysimeters was used to measure the daily evapotranspiration of Onion, Red Bombay variety, on a clay loam soil. Crop coefficient was developed from measured crop evapotranspiration (3.00, 4.58, 6.11 and 4.63) and calculated reference evapotranspiration using weather data (4.92, 5.33, 5.99 and 5.79). The measured values of crop coefficient for the crop were 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 during initial, development, mid-season and late-season growth stages respectively. These locally determined values can be used by irrigation planners and users in the central rift valley and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
Abstract: Determination of crop water requirement is the primary duty in any irrigation planning. This can be obtained through determining crop coefficient (Kc) which integrates the effect of characteristics that distinguish a typical field crop from the grass reference that has a constant appearance and a complete ground cover. Consequently, different crops will have different Kc coefficients. The changing characteristics of the crop over the growing season also affect the Kc coefficient. Hence crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of potential crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration, is an important parameter in irrigation planning and management. However, this information is not available for many important crops for a specific area. A study was carried out at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, which is located in a semi arid climate of the great central rift valley. A drainage type lysimeters was used to measure the daily evapotranspiration of Onion, Red Bombay variety, on a clay loam soil. Crop coefficient was developed from measured crop evapotranspiration (3.00, 4.58, 6.11 and 4.63) and calculated reference evapotranspiration using weather data (4.92, 5.33, 5.99 and 5.79). The measured values of crop coefficient for the crop were 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 during initial, development, mid-season and late-season growth stages respectively. These locally determined values can be used by irrigation planners and users in the central rift valley and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Determination of the Optimum Sulphur Fertilizer Rate for Groundnut Production...AI Publications
Laboratory studies and pot Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum sulphur (S)fertilizer rate for groundnut production in selected soils of Benue state using sorption indices. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected for sorption studies and pot experiments. The sorption study was carried out by shaking known concentrations of S (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mgkg-1) with 5g soil sample. The suspension was filtered and the amount of S in solution determined. The amount of sulphatesorbed was estimated as the difference between equilibrium sulphate concentration and initial sulphate added. Data from the sorption study was fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption equations. Thereafter a pot experiment was carried out with six levels of solution sulphate concentration to determine the optimum S concentration for yield of groundnut and the amount of sulphur fertilizer required to achieve this concentration in the soil under study. Result show that both soils have the capacity to sorb sulphur. The sorption maxima, buffering capacity and binding energy of the soils under study are 70.66 mgkg-1, 15.81mg kg-1, 0.22 dm3 mg-1 and 117.84 mgkg1, 9.83 mg kg-1,0.08 dm3 kg-1 for Aliade and Daudu soils respectively.The highest yield in Aliade soil was obtained with 6 mg kg-1 S while 12 mg kg-1 S gave the highest yield in Daudu soil. Aliadeand Daudu soils would require 57.41 and 23.69 kg ha-1S respectively to maintain 12 mg/kg and 9mg/kg of S in the soil solution. Hence for groundnut production in Aliade soil, 57.41 kg S ha-1 is recommended while for the Daudu soil, 23.69 kg S ha-1 is recommended.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Increasing rice productivity by manipulation of calcium fertilizer in ustic e...NurdinUng
National rice production needs to be improved and maintained to meet the demands of fast growing population. One of the ways to meet this demand is through cultivating the rain fed land in many areas which its physical characteristics are challenging factor. This research aims at finding out the feedback of the rice production on the calcium fertilizer following the administration of river sand, beach sand, coco peat, and banana peat in ustic endoaquert. This research is implemented in rain fed field composed of vertisol soil in Sidomukti village of Mootilango Gorontalo, Indonesia. The subjects are randomly chosen and the treatments are separately implemented in two sub-group of vertisol soil. There are five treatments that were repeated three times, thus, there are 15 pieces of trials in each sub-vertisol groups. This research reveals that the administration of K fertilizer following the administration of river sand, beach sands, coco peat, and banana trunks fiber has significant effect on the number of grain, the weight of 1000 grains and the total weight of the grains. Meanwhile, the administration of K fertilizer following the administration of beach sand, coco peat and banana peat has significantly influenced the number of stalk, the length of stalk, and the total weight of the grains.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variabi...Innspub Net
Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
By: Megherbi-Benali A, Toumi-Benali F, Zouaoui S, Hamel L, Benyahia M.
Int. J. Agr. Agri. Res. 8(2), 64-74, February 2016.
Abstract
Environmental stresses are most common in Algeria. Drought, cold and hot weather are often present. These production constraints are abiotic, they are combined together more aggravating the loss in crop yields, especially durum. Indeed, a study was conducted under different agro-ecological conditions in the 2010/11 year. The approach adopted has been characterized by integration across experiment and pedoclimatic zoned. To do this, tests were conducted at the three zones and followed up from the installation of the plant to harvest. The observations concern the effects of environmental constraints on yield and traits associated; with measurements, it is focused on morpho-phenological characteristics of the vegetation, soil moisture, and physicochemical properties of the soil. A substantial variation in yield was observed between zones can be explained by the significance of soil tillage, crop rotation the characteristics of each zone. Results confirm particularly that correlations between yield and associated characters exist and that various genotypes respond differently with the environments. Improved genotypes and precocious ensure the best yield. The early stage of heading is a trait often sought in Mediterranean areas since it allows them to avoid the terminal water deficit or deficiency. The study confirmed the existence of significant correlations entered yield and it is components of and that genotypes responded differently depending on the environment to which they are subjected.
Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by...Premier Publishers
The effect of wastewater irrigation on plant growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops was compared with that of ground water irrigation. Treatments included untreated wastewater (UWW) treated wastewater (TWW) and ground water (GW) as control. The results obtained, plant height, number of fruits/plant, dry biomass g/plant and number of branches/plant of tomato (78.46 cm, 45.88, 15.49 and 11.41) and (75.13 cm, 41.48, 14.42 and 10.28) were significantly higher in the UWW and TWW compared to GW. The UWW and TWW irrigated Napier grass gave the highest growth and yield, compared to that of GW irrigation. Plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width and number of tiller were 188.46 cm, 83.62, 93.62 cm, 2.52 and 13.2 in UWW and 182.68 cm, 69.75, 88.67cm, 2.29 and 10.39 in TWW and these are significantly higher as compared to that of GW irrigation. Wastewater irrigation of sugarcane increased cane length, number of nodes/cane, number of leaves, cane diameter and cane weight significantly as compared to control GW are 191.86 cm, 22.48, 39.3 and 2.30 cm in UWW and 149.4 cm, 20.54, 27.53 and 2.22 cm in TWW and compared to that of GW irrigation.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Determination of the Optimum Sulphur Fertilizer Rate for Groundnut Production...AI Publications
Laboratory studies and pot Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum sulphur (S)fertilizer rate for groundnut production in selected soils of Benue state using sorption indices. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected for sorption studies and pot experiments. The sorption study was carried out by shaking known concentrations of S (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mgkg-1) with 5g soil sample. The suspension was filtered and the amount of S in solution determined. The amount of sulphatesorbed was estimated as the difference between equilibrium sulphate concentration and initial sulphate added. Data from the sorption study was fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption equations. Thereafter a pot experiment was carried out with six levels of solution sulphate concentration to determine the optimum S concentration for yield of groundnut and the amount of sulphur fertilizer required to achieve this concentration in the soil under study. Result show that both soils have the capacity to sorb sulphur. The sorption maxima, buffering capacity and binding energy of the soils under study are 70.66 mgkg-1, 15.81mg kg-1, 0.22 dm3 mg-1 and 117.84 mgkg1, 9.83 mg kg-1,0.08 dm3 kg-1 for Aliade and Daudu soils respectively.The highest yield in Aliade soil was obtained with 6 mg kg-1 S while 12 mg kg-1 S gave the highest yield in Daudu soil. Aliadeand Daudu soils would require 57.41 and 23.69 kg ha-1S respectively to maintain 12 mg/kg and 9mg/kg of S in the soil solution. Hence for groundnut production in Aliade soil, 57.41 kg S ha-1 is recommended while for the Daudu soil, 23.69 kg S ha-1 is recommended.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Increasing rice productivity by manipulation of calcium fertilizer in ustic e...NurdinUng
National rice production needs to be improved and maintained to meet the demands of fast growing population. One of the ways to meet this demand is through cultivating the rain fed land in many areas which its physical characteristics are challenging factor. This research aims at finding out the feedback of the rice production on the calcium fertilizer following the administration of river sand, beach sand, coco peat, and banana peat in ustic endoaquert. This research is implemented in rain fed field composed of vertisol soil in Sidomukti village of Mootilango Gorontalo, Indonesia. The subjects are randomly chosen and the treatments are separately implemented in two sub-group of vertisol soil. There are five treatments that were repeated three times, thus, there are 15 pieces of trials in each sub-vertisol groups. This research reveals that the administration of K fertilizer following the administration of river sand, beach sands, coco peat, and banana trunks fiber has significant effect on the number of grain, the weight of 1000 grains and the total weight of the grains. Meanwhile, the administration of K fertilizer following the administration of beach sand, coco peat and banana peat has significantly influenced the number of stalk, the length of stalk, and the total weight of the grains.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Ijaar v8 no2-p64-74 | Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variabi...Innspub Net
Impact of environmental conditions on the yield variability of durum wheat (Triticum durum. Desf) and its associated characters at Algerian semi-arid areas
By: Megherbi-Benali A, Toumi-Benali F, Zouaoui S, Hamel L, Benyahia M.
Int. J. Agr. Agri. Res. 8(2), 64-74, February 2016.
Abstract
Environmental stresses are most common in Algeria. Drought, cold and hot weather are often present. These production constraints are abiotic, they are combined together more aggravating the loss in crop yields, especially durum. Indeed, a study was conducted under different agro-ecological conditions in the 2010/11 year. The approach adopted has been characterized by integration across experiment and pedoclimatic zoned. To do this, tests were conducted at the three zones and followed up from the installation of the plant to harvest. The observations concern the effects of environmental constraints on yield and traits associated; with measurements, it is focused on morpho-phenological characteristics of the vegetation, soil moisture, and physicochemical properties of the soil. A substantial variation in yield was observed between zones can be explained by the significance of soil tillage, crop rotation the characteristics of each zone. Results confirm particularly that correlations between yield and associated characters exist and that various genotypes respond differently with the environments. Improved genotypes and precocious ensure the best yield. The early stage of heading is a trait often sought in Mediterranean areas since it allows them to avoid the terminal water deficit or deficiency. The study confirmed the existence of significant correlations entered yield and it is components of and that genotypes responded differently depending on the environment to which they are subjected.
Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by...Premier Publishers
The effect of wastewater irrigation on plant growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops was compared with that of ground water irrigation. Treatments included untreated wastewater (UWW) treated wastewater (TWW) and ground water (GW) as control. The results obtained, plant height, number of fruits/plant, dry biomass g/plant and number of branches/plant of tomato (78.46 cm, 45.88, 15.49 and 11.41) and (75.13 cm, 41.48, 14.42 and 10.28) were significantly higher in the UWW and TWW compared to GW. The UWW and TWW irrigated Napier grass gave the highest growth and yield, compared to that of GW irrigation. Plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width and number of tiller were 188.46 cm, 83.62, 93.62 cm, 2.52 and 13.2 in UWW and 182.68 cm, 69.75, 88.67cm, 2.29 and 10.39 in TWW and these are significantly higher as compared to that of GW irrigation. Wastewater irrigation of sugarcane increased cane length, number of nodes/cane, number of leaves, cane diameter and cane weight significantly as compared to control GW are 191.86 cm, 22.48, 39.3 and 2.30 cm in UWW and 149.4 cm, 20.54, 27.53 and 2.22 cm in TWW and compared to that of GW irrigation.
Similar to Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water use Efficiency of Onion (Allium cepa l.) at Amibara, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Water Productivity of Onion (Allium...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted in Bennatsemay Woreda, Enchete kebele during 2018 season with objective of investigating the effect of deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity of onion under conventional furrow irrigation system. Six treatments (T1=100% ETc, T2=85% ETc, T3=70% ETc, T4=50% ETc, T5=100% ETc Is, 85% ETc Ds, 70% ETc Ms, 50% ETc Ls and T6=85% ETc Is, 70% ETc Ds, 50% ETc Ms, 0% ETc Ls) were imposed on onion (Allium cepa L.) and laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Results indicated that the different deficit irrigation levels had highly significant (p < 0.01) effect on vegetative growth, yield, yield components and water use efficiency of onion. The highest bulb yield of 21.3 t/ha were obtained from T1 which was significantly different to all other treatments while yield from T6 (12.86 t/ha) was recorded as the lowest one. Similarly, the highest IWUE (2.41 kg/m3) and CWUE (4.02 kg/m3) were obtained from T6. However, at T4 and T6 high yield reduction was recorded which may not be attractive for producers. Therefore, it could be concluded that increased water saving and water productivity through irrigation at 70% ETc deficit irrigation level under conventional furrow irrigation system can solve the problem of water shortage and would ensure the opportunity of further irrigation development in the study area and similar agro-ecology.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
Comparing the performance of a home-made bottle drip to a commercial drip sys...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A study was conducted in which lettuce (Lactucasativa L.) was grown in a plot at the Faculty of Agriculture at Luyengo Campus of the University of Eswatini to compare three different irrigation methods on the production of marketable heads of lettuce. The performance of lettuce under a commercial drip tape was compared with a home-made bottle drip and a hand watering can as used typically by rural people in the country. The commercial drip had emitters discharging 2 liters per hour and therefore 2 liters per hour was applied with both the home-made bottle drip and the watering can during irrigation. The irrigation frequency was every after two days for all the treatments. The plot sizes were 1.5 m x 4.0 m and there were four replications per treatment. There were eighteen lettuce plants per plot. The lettuce was grown for a period of four weeks and then harvested whole. Yield parameters measured included the plant height (cm), leaf area index (LAI), root length (cm) and the fresh head mass (grams). Significant differences (P < 0.01) between treatments were obtained for fresh lettuce head mass and root length. The commercial drip treatment had largest fresh mass at 226.8 g. It was followed by bottle drip at 184.8 g. The control had the lowest yield at 165.3 g. There were no significant differences between treatments for plant height and leaf area index. It was concluded that the home-made bottle drip irrigation method could be recommended for rural people who cannot afford to buy the commercial drip system for the production of vegetables for household consumption.
Effect of conservation agriculture on soil moisture content and biomass water...Innspub Net
One of the important principles of Conservation Agriculture is the permanent soil cover with crop residues which enhances soil and water productivity that leads to improved agricultural productivity. The effect of crop residues on soil moisture content, relative growth rate and biomass water productivity were examined in a completely randomized design at the University of Reading, Berkshire district, England. Straw treatment was significant on moisture content and water use efficiency at (p< 0.01) respectively while there is no significant difference on mean relative growth rate and dry final biomass weights. The study concluded that soil moisture content is conserved with increased use of crop residues as soil cover. The study therefore recommended that project based research on Conservation Agriculture should be carried out by governments and NGO’s that will involve farmers; also they should provide support for the knowledge diffusion of Conservation Agriculture to local farmers since it will improve yield and productivity. Extension agents and other agencies that work with farmers should also be properly trained to be able to disseminate this technology to farmers.
Effect of different Grass Species on Soil Loss, and Runoff at Assosa, Benisha...BRNSSPublicationHubI
Land degradation is a severe environmental problem across sub-Saharan Africa, and Ethiopia is among the most affected countries. This study aimed to know the potential of different grasses for soil and water conservation. Three different grasses were used to evaluate their potential for conserving the soil and water on the farmland, with three replications each for 2 consecutive years. Vetiver, Desho, and elephant grass had deposited 10 and 7 ton/he of soil relative to a plot without any grass control. Furthermore, they had increased the soil water by 22.6% as compared to a plot without any grass. Thus, the study revealed the best potential of Vetiver, and Desho grass to conserve both the soil and water. Therefore, the study revealed the best and most promising potential for treating degraded land with biological measures.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
Abstract: Determination of crop water requirement is the primary duty in any irrigation planning. This can be obtained through determining crop coefficient (Kc) which integrates the effect of characteristics that distinguish a typical field crop from the grass reference that has a constant appearance and a complete ground cover. Consequently, different crops will have different Kc coefficients. The changing characteristics of the crop over the growing season also affect the Kc coefficient. Hence crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of potential crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration, is an important parameter in irrigation planning and management. However, this information is not available for many important crops for a specific area. A study was carried out at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, which is located in a semi arid climate of the great central rift valley. A drainage type lysimeters was used to measure the daily evapotranspiration of Onion, Red Bombay variety, on a clay loam soil. Crop coefficient was developed from measured crop evapotranspiration (3.00, 4.58, 6.11 and 4.63) and calculated reference evapotranspiration using weather data (4.92, 5.33, 5.99 and 5.79). The measured values of crop coefficient for the crop were 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 during initial, development, mid-season and late-season growth stages respectively. These locally determined values can be used by irrigation planners and users in the central rift valley and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.
Recently, concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing. High inorganic and organic fertilisers application rates may increase groundwater pollution and these effects were investigated in the Dufuya Wetland (19o17’S; 29o21’E) in Chief Sogwala area of Lower Gweru Communal Lands, approximately 42km west of the City of Gweru, Zimbabwe. Forty-two (42) water samples were collected for analysis of pH, conductivity, calcium, nitrates, and phosphates during the months of September, October, and November 2008. A questionnaire procedure was used for collection of manure application rate, wetland and crop management data in the studied area. The results demonstrated that cattle manure in the Dufuya wetland is applied at the rate of 30t/ha- 60t/ha per year. Groundwater and surface runoff water samples have pH, conductivity, calcium, phosphates and nitrates levels within the WHO permissible guideline of 6.5-8.5, 1500µScm-1, 200mg/l, 0.09mg/l and 10mg/l respectively. The mean nitrate and phosphate concentrations in surface run-off water in the garden and the sponge are 0.00275mg/l, 0.0117mg/l and 0.00377mg/l, 0.00077mg/l respectively. Groundwater concentrations are 0.026mg/l, 0.0167mg/l and 0.0021mg/l, 0.00228mg/l for nitrates and phosphates respectively. There was no significant difference in the mean concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in water (ground/surface) in the sponge and the garden (P < 0.005). Fertiliser applications have no negative effects on dambo water quality.
2 ijhaf dec-2017-3-effect of biochar issued fromAI Publications
Cassava is an important food crop cultivated (75%) by smallholder farmers. However, yields are very low and rarely exceed 17tons/ha-1. A study was carried out at Nkolbisson in the humid forest zone (HFZ) of Cameroon to assess the effect of three types of biochar issued from Cassava (CSb), Ricehusk (RHb), and Corncob (CCb) on the root yield of variety 8034 cassava cultivated along a soil fertility gradient. The biochars were produced using an Elsa pyrolysis technology with carbonisation time of 50-58mins and temperature ranging from 400-6500C. Twelve 8m2 plots were constructed in three sites from the higher elevated, moderately elevated and flat fields.The biochars were applied at 20t.ha-1in three replicationsin a completely randomized design.Results showed that the biochars were high in nutrients containing 4.17-18.15g.kg-1 N, 22.26-42.51 mg.kg-1 P, 2.48-4.18 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (H2O: 7.78-10.81) and were significantly higher than the no-input soil containing 0.79g.kg-1 N, 7.41mg.kg-1 P, 1.42 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (5.68). Cassava root yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in RHb plots (23.22 t.ha-1) than CCb (20.53 t.ha-1), CSb (18.67 t.ha-1) and the no-input soil (16.13 t.ha-1). The addition of biochar particularly RHb, increasednutrient uptake in cassava leaves and roots compared with theno-input soil. The study concludes that biochars with higher N, Pand K content tend to increase cassava root yield and suggestsincreasing the quantity of biochar to 40t/ha-1or continuous application in combination with other farming options such as poultry manure, compost or mineral fertilizer tomaximize cassava productivity given the benefits of biochar.
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
Treatment Performance of Domestic Wastewater in a Tropical Constructed Wetlan...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by Jonah S Butler* *Fulbright Scholar, DILG-GTZ Affiliate in Philippines: For Environmental Science Study on Wastewater Treatment. (Email: Jonahsbutler@gmail.com) for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Maximizing Water Productivity of Maize using Alternate Furrow Irrigation at C...Premier Publishers
Nowadays, water availability is a major limiting factor for development of agriculture in arid and semiarid areas. Under conditions of scarce water supply and drought, irrigation practices demand the maximum use of every drop of water to maximize water productivity for irrigated crops. A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of three furrow irrigation techniques and three irrigation levels treatments on maize grain yield and water productivity at Mekhoni Agricultural Research center (MeARC), Raya valley district. Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways as the main plots: conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI). In CFI, irrigation was applied to every furrow at each irrigation event; in AFI irrigation was applied to alternate furrows which were dry in the preceding irrigation cycle, while in FFI, irrigation was applied to fixed furrows throughout the growing season. Each irrigation technique was further divided into three sub-irrigation treatments: two deficit irrigation levels 75% and 50% ETc and a control of 100% ETc as sub-plot were investigated. Results showed that maximum water productivity was obtained under the AFI system without a trade-off in grain yield and considerably save water. Hence, it is recommended as efficient irrigation technique in areas with limited water resources.
Similar to Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water use Efficiency of Onion (Allium cepa l.) at Amibara, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
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Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water use Efficiency of Onion (Allium cepa l.) at Amibara, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia
2. Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water use Efficiency of Onion (Allium cepa l.) at Amibara, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia
Nigusie et al. 279
availability and increase crop yield (Diver, et al., 2012 and
Patil Shirish et al., 2013).
Mulching proves to be beneficiary though increment in soil
moisture, reduction in soil erosion, maintenance of soil
temperature etc. It helps in improvise in soil structure, soil
fertility and soil biological regime. Though also mulching is
having many advantages it shows some limitations as it
may harbour some pests and diseases.
Mulching proves to be beneficiary though increment in soil
moisture, reduction in soil erosion, maintenance of soil
temperature etc. It helps in improvise in soil structure, soil
fertility and soil biological regime. Though also mulching
is having many advantages it shows some limitations
as it may harbour some pests and diseases.
On other hand, fixed and alternative furrow irrigation
techniques have been used by many researchers, they
found that both of them led to increase water use
efficiency (WUE) and reduce evaporation as compared to
the furrow irrigation method, (Li et al., 2007 and Abd-El-
Halim, 2013). Therefore the present study was undertaken
to evaluate the effect of mulching materials and
appropriate furrow irrigation method that enhance yield
and water use efficiency of irrigated onion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the Study Area
The experiment was conducted in the research station of
Werer Agricultural Research Centre for three dry seasons
of 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively.
Geographically the experimental site is located at 09°13 ′–
09°50 ′ N and 40°05 ′– 40°25 ′E. with an altitude of 750 m
ASL. The soil in the experimental field was classified as a
clay textural class. The local climate is semi-arid with an
average annual rainfall of 589 mm, of its distribution is
weak bi-modal received small rains from March to April
and main rains from July to September (Figure 2). The
mean monthly minimum temperature is 15°C in December,
whereas the mean monthly maximum temperature is
38.4°C in June. According to long term climatic data the
monthly evapotranspiration is greater than monthly rainfall
(Figure 2). This indicates irrigation is the paramount
important to sustain crop production in the area.
Table 1: Physical characteristics of soil at the experimental site
Depth Sand Silt Clay Texture BD FC PWP TAW
Cm % % % - g/cm3 Wgt.% Wgt.% mm/m
0-30 10.8 32 57.2 Clay 1.29 40 24 206.4
30-60 12.8 32 55.2 Clay 1.30 39.5 23 214.5
Figure 1: Long term maximum and minimum temperature of Werer Agricultural Research Center (WARC) (1987-
2019)
3. Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water use Efficiency of Onion (Allium cepa l.) at Amibara, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 280
Figure 2: Mean monthly rainfall and evapotranspiration from 1987 to 2019 of the study area.
Experimental Design and Procedure
The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with
three irrigation water application methods: Fixed furrow
irrigation (FFI) means that irrigation is fixed to one of the
two neighboring furrows, alternate furrow (AFI) means that
alternate wetting and drying opposite furrows and
conventional furrow irrigation (CFI) means irrigating all
furrows during consecutive watering as main plots factor
and two mulch materials (straw and plastic) and control as
no mulch as subplots factor. Each sub-plots (25 m2) having
6 furrows with 0.6m apart and 5 m long. There were 3.6
and 1.8 m distance as a border line between the main-plots
and sub-plots, respectively. The treatment combinations
were indicated in Table 2.
Table 1: Experimental treatment combinations
Wheat straw mulch with a rate of 6 ton ha-1 and white
plastic mulch 30 microns thickness was used as mulching
material in the subplot and applied uniformly to the
experimental plots at the time of transplanting. An onion
seed of “Adama Red” variety was used as test crop. The
seeds were sown in the well prepared nursery seed bed.
The five week old onion seedlings from the raised nursery
bed were transplanted in the afternoon to avoid
transplantation shock. The transplanting was done in row
at plant spacing of 10 cm between plant and 30 cm
between rows. All agronomic practices were done
according to the recommendation made for the area.
The total available water (TAW) in mm, stored between FC
and PW of soil was determined by using the following
equation below:
𝑇𝐴𝑊 = (𝐹𝐶 − 𝑃𝑊𝑃) ∗ 𝐷𝐵 ∗ 𝐷𝑧 (1)
Where; FC= field capacity, PWP= permanent wilting point,
BD= bulk density of the soil in gm cm-3, and Dz = effective
root zone depth in mm.
The RAW is the amount of water that crops can extract
from the root zone without
experiencing any water stress. For maximum crop
production, the irrigation schedule should be fixed based
on RAW. Since onion is sensitive to water deficit, for high
yield, soil water depletion should not exceed 25% of the
TAW (ρ=25%) (Doorenbos and Kassam, 1979). Thus
RAW was computed from the expression:
RAW = P ∗ TAW (2)
Where; RAW in mm, ρ is in fraction for allowable soil
moisture depletion for no stress (25%) and TAW is total
available water between FC and PWP in mm.
The permissible soil moisture depletion / RAW was taken
as 100% ETc for conventional furrows and a half of
conventional were applied to alternate and fixed furrows.
The net irrigation requirement was calculated from a
simplified water balance equation as:
(3)
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
RFandevapotranspiration
Month
Rainfall ETo
Treatments
Main plots Subplots
Alternate Furrow Irrigation
Wheat Straw Mulch (dry)
Plastic Mulch (white)
No Mulch
Fixed Furrow Irrigation Wheat Straw Mulch (dry)
Plastic Mulch (white)
No Mulch
Conventional Furrow
Irrigation
Wheat Straw Mulch (dry)
Plastic Mulch (white)
No Mulch (control)
4. Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water use Efficiency of Onion (Allium cepa l.) at Amibara, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia
Nigusie et al. 281
Where NIR is net irrigation water requirement (mm), ETc
is crop water requirement (mm) and Pe is effective rainfall
(mm).
The effective rainfall was estimated using dependable rain
(FAO/AGLW formula) method (Allen et al., 1998) as:
(4)
(5)
Where Pe is the effective rainfall (mm) and P is rainfall
(mm/month).
Furrow irrigation application efficiencies normally vary
from 45-60% (Bakker et al., 1999). In this experimental
setup, water was applied with precise measurement;
furrows were short and end-dikes therefore, a higher value
of application efficiency (60%) was used and the gross
irrigation requirement was obtained using the following
equation:
(6)
Where GIR is gross irrigation requirement (mm), NIR is net
irrigation requirement (mm) and Ea is application efficiency
(%).
The gross irrigation amount of water estimated was
diverted to the furrow using calibrated Parshall flume with
3 inch dimension. The time required to deliver the desired
depth of water into each furrow was calculated using the
equation below:
(7)
Where T is application time (min), d is gross depth of water
applied (cm), W is width (m), L is length (m) of the wetted
furrows of the experimental plot, and q is flow rate
(discharge in l/s).
Water Use Efficiency
Irrigation water use efficiency was estimated as a ratio of
grain yield to the total water applied (GIR) through the
growing season and it was calculated using the following
equation (Zwart and Bastiaanssen, 2004).
WUE =
𝑌𝐿𝐷
𝐺𝐼𝑅
(8)
Where IWUE is Irrigation water use efficiency (kg/m³),
YLD is onion yield (kg/ha) and GIR is the gross irrigation
requirement (m3/ha).
Statistical Analysis
The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)
using SAS version 9.3. Treatment means were compared
using the least significant difference (LSD) at 5% level of
probability.
RESULT AND DISCUSION
Marketable bulb yield
The overall mean values of bulb yield of onion showed that
statistically there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in
mean bulb yield of onion among different furrow irrigation
water application methods (Table 3). Significantly higher
mean marketable bulb yield of (10081.52 kg ha-1) onion
was obtained from onion grown under conventional furrow
irrigation method and the lower (6843.30 kg ha-1) was
recorded from onion grown under fixed furrow irrigation
method. The results of this experiment indicated that
conventional furrow irrigation method gave 32.12%, higher
marketable bulb yield as compared to fixed furrow
irrigation method. The substantial grain yield increase in
the conventional furrow irrigation method might be due to
full application of irrigation water could be attributed to the
increment in vegetative growth, which associated with
increment bulb yield. The result of the current study is in
agreement with the result of Rop et al. (2016) who reported
that yield decreased with increasing water stress
significantly. Likewise, Narayanan and Seid (2011)
obtained maximum yield from conventional furrow
irrigation (irrigation water application of 100% crop water
requirement) than the alternate and fixed furrow irrigation
methods.
On the other hand, different types of mulch significantly
influenced on marketable bulb yield of onion (Table 3).
Wheat straw mulch gave a higher mean of marketable bulb
yield (12121.63 kg ha-1), while plastic mulch recorded
lower mean of marketable bulb yield (4289.54 kg ha-1).
Hence, in wheat straw mulch marketable bulb yield was
more by 26.08% over no mulch. Field observations during
the trials indicated that onion under wheat straw mulch was
more stable and actively vegetative growth may have led
into bulb formation than plastic and no mulch. Khaledian
et al. (2011) indicated that crop yield could also be
increased because of the improvements in soil physical
properties and fertility under straw mulching. These results
are also fully supported by Ramalan et al. (2010) who
reported that marketable onion bulb yield was significantly
higher under straw mulch as compared to plastic and no
mulch. Likewise Perez et al. (2004) and Samuel et al.
(2018) reported that the highest yield was obtained from
wheat straw mulch and the lowest from plastic mulch.
5. Integrated Effect of Mulching Materials and Furrow Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water use Efficiency of Onion (Allium cepa l.) at Amibara, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia
World Res. J. Agric. Sci. 282
Table 3: Main effects of furrow irrigation method and mulch on onion marketable bulb yield.
Treatments Marketable bulb yield (kg ha-1)
Cropping season Combined mean
2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019
Irrigation
Methods
CFI 11056.59 9106.44 10081.52 10081.52a
AFI 8647.67 8245.48 8446.57 8446.57b
FFI 7390.19 6296.41 6843.30 6843.30c
CV (%) 10.4
LSD (0.05) 906.51
Mulch Straw 14669.00 9574.26 12121.63 12121.63a
No mulch 10374.19 7546.26 8960.22 8960.22b
Plastic 2051.26 6527.81 4289.54 4289.54c
CV (%) 15.2
LSD(0.05) 707.37
Year*Method*Mulch NS
NS= Non-significant, CFI= Conventional furrow irrigation, AFI= Alternate furrow irrigation, FFI= Fixed furrow irrigation,
CV= Coefficient of variation; LSD=Least significant difference.
Water use efficiency
There was a significant difference in water use efficiency
between the interaction effect of different furrow irrigation
methods and mulching materials (Table 4). Among the
used treatments the highest water use efficiency of 3.27
kg m-3 was recorded from onion grown under alternate
furrow irrigation method with straw mulch and the lowest
water use efficiency 0.84 kg m-3 was recorded from onion
grown under fixed furrow irrigation method with plastic
mulch application. Crop water use efficiency was
significantly higher under alternate furrow irrigation with
straw mulch as compared to other treatments because
less volume of irrigation water used under alternate furrow
irrigation together with save water, regulate soil
temperature and improve soil organic matter of straw
mulch produce more onion bulb yield with less water
results highest water use efficiency. This result is in
agreement with the finding of Yemane et al. (2018) who
obtained highest water use efficiency from the alternate
furrow irrigation system. On the other hand Mandefro and
Quraishi (2015) reported maximum water use efficiency
from wheat straw mulch. Similar finding were also reported
on potato yield that higher water use efficiency was
obtained at alternate furrow irrigation water application
technique under straw mulch (Samuel et al., 2018).
Table 4: Interaction effects of furrow irrigation
methods and mulching materials on water use
efficiency of onion.
Treatments Water use efficiency
(Kg/m3)
Alternate furrow with straw mulch 3.27a
Fixed furrow with straw mulch 2.84b
Alternate furrow with no mulch 2.40c
Fixed furrow with no mulch 1.97d
Conventional furrow with straw
mulch
1.94d
Conventional furrow with no mulch 1.51e
Alternate furrow with plastic mulch 1.29e
Fixed furrow with plastic mulch 0.84f
Conventional furrow with plastic
mulch
0.70f
CV (%) 7.6
LSD (0.05) 0.27
Means within a column followed by the same letter are not
significantly different at 5% level of significance. NS = Non-
significant, CV = Coefficient of variation, LSD = Least
significant difference.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the obtained results of this study it could be
concluded that the alternate furrow irrigation technique
could be used as on-farm irrigation strategy for maximizing
crop water use efficiency in areas where irrigation is
essential. Straw mulch should be used alongside with
alternate furrow irrigation technique to minimize
evaporation loss, maximize water use efficiency and
sustain the onion production at werer and other similar
agro ecology.
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