The document discusses the structure of the Earth and the causes of earthquakes. It describes the three main layers of the Earth - crust, mantle, and core. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. The document also summarizes methods of earthquake-resistant design, including base isolation devices that separate buildings from the ground and seismic dampers that absorb seismic energy. It notes that while base isolation can be used for existing structures, seismic dampers are more expensive to install. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of earthquake-resistant construction and quality control to ensure public safety.

1. By
M. Mayur
IVth CIVIL - SIETK,
PUTTUR.
1

2. Structure of Earth
 Earth - three layers - Crust, Mantle, Core.
 Crust - surface of Earth, Mantle – second inner part of
the Earth, Core - most inner part of the Earth.
2

3. What are Earthquakes?
• sudden movement - surface of the earth - may be tiny
or several feet.
• enormous amounts - of energy released – greater -
Nuclear Bomb.
• sudden shift of rock - fracture of Earth.
3

4. 4

5. Origin of Earthquakes
 Earthquakes - Plate Tectonic Forces.
 Theory of Plate tectonic forces -
 He stated that continents moved from their original
position - Continental Drift.
5

6.  Different boundaries - tectonic forces induces Earth:
Divergent boundary, Convergent, Transform boundaries.
6

7. Seismology
 When earthquakes occur, waves travel in Earth in
form of vibrations, such waves are called Seismic
Waves.
 Study of such waves - Seismology.
 Instrument measuring seismic waves - Seismometer.
 Graphs given by that seismometer - Seismic Graph.
7

8. 8

9. Terms of EQ’s:
 Seismic Loading : Main cause of Earthquakes
 Seismic Performance : Structure’s ability -
functions - safety and serviceability - exposure -
earthquake.
 Seismic Analysis : Major intellectual tool –
understand seismic performance of structures.
9

10.  Earthquakes affect RCC
structures too…
 Slabs forces the beam
to bend with it when
horizontal forces act.
10

11. Earthquake resistant designs
 Design - but it is analysis of forces - buildings due to
loads acting on it.
 If a building is enough to resist the earthquake, then
such building is called Earthquake resistant structure.
 Such design is called Earthquake resistant designs
11

12. Popular Earthquake resistant
Techniques
12

13. Introduction of Resistant
techniques
 Thought - Base Isolation Devices - separate building
from ground by some rubber devices.
 Seismic dampers - special devices - introduced in
building - absorb the energy - produced by seismic
waves.
13

14. Base Isolation Devices
14

15. Base Isolation Devices
Base isolation Devices - Active Control System which
contains:
• Sensors - measure external
excitation - structural response.
• Computer hardware and
software - compute control forces –
observed excitation.
• Actuators – provide –
necessary control forces.
15

16.  Control Force Devices
 Active Tuned Mass Dampers - natural extension –
experiments indicate 25% less damage.
 Tendon Control – used even for active devices – works
when active devices are off – act by resisting tension
in structure.
16

17. 17

18. 18

19. 19

20. 20

22. Seismic Dampers
22

23. SD’s in structures:
23

24. 24

25.  Dampers are of:
 Viscous Damper
 Friction Damper
 Yielding Damper

28. Note points:
BID SD’S
 separating structures from  additional systems
ground by means of devices. introduced in structures.
 Can be done when structure  even when structure is
is already constructed, but it completed, systems can be
is costly. introduced.
 Cheaper compared to  Very costly, since linked with
Seismic Dampers. hardware programmes.
28

29. Frames Resisting EQ’
29

30. 30

31. 31

32. Increase in Seismic
Performance
 Quality Control in Construction.
32

33. 33

34. 34

35. CONCLUSION
 We are only hope of tomorrow’s constructions.
WE ARE HERE ONLY TO PROVIDE
SAFETY TO PUBLIC TO LEAD THEIR LIFE
HAPPILY.
35

36. THANK
YOU… 36

37. 37